Mopane

Colophospermum mopane, commonly called mopane,[2] mopani,[3] balsam tree,[2] butterfly tree,[2] or turpentine tree,[2] is a tree in the legume family (Fabaceae), that grows in hot, dry, low-lying areas, 200 to 1,150 metres (660 to 3,770 ft) in elevation, in the far northern parts of southern Africa. The tree only occurs in Africa and is the only species in genus Colophospermum. Its distinctive butterfly-shaped (bifoliate) leaf and thin seed pod make it easy to identify. In terms of human use it is, together with camel thorn and leadwood, one of the three regionally important firewood trees.

For other uses, see Mopane (disambiguation) and Mopani (disambiguation).

Mopane
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Detarioideae
Genus:
Colophospermum

Kirk ex J.Léonard
Species:
C. mopane
Binomial name
Colophospermum mopane
(Kirk ex Benth.) Kirk ex J.Léonard
Synonyms[1]
  • Copaifera mopane Benth.
Colophospermum mopane - MHNT
The fruit are legumes which contain one seed each

Range and habit

It is native to Southern Africa, including Southern Angola, Zambia, Southern Malawi, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Northern South Africa. It grows in alkaline (high lime content) soils which are shallow and not well drained. It also grows in alluvial soils (soil deposited by rivers). Where it occurs, it is often the dominant tree species, frequently forming homogeneous stands. In Northern South Africa and larger adjacent areas of Botswana and Zimbabwe, the trees tend to vary between 4 and 18 m (13 and 59 ft), often called "mopane scrub" (shrub) but also sometimes taller and forming woodland. Further north the trees are taller and form tall woodlands referred to as cathedral mopane. This tree does not grow well outside hot, frost-free areas with summer rainfall.

Mopane ecoregions

There are two ecoregions where mopane is the predominant vegetation. The Angolan mopane woodlands are in southwestern Angola and northern Namibia, and the Zambezian and mopane woodlands extend over the lowlands of the Zambezi River and its tributaries in Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi, South Africa, and Swaziland.

Uses
Mopane worm on a mopane branch. Immediately below the caterpillar, a pair of distinctive, butterfly-shaped leaves have survived.
Butterfly-shaped leaf of the Mopane tree

Mopane wood is one of southern Africa's heaviest and is difficult to work because of its hardness.[4] However, this also makes it termite resistant. For this reason it has long been used for building houses and fences, as railway sleepers and as pit props. The termite-resistance and rich, reddish colouring also make it popular for flooring. Outside Africa, mopane is gaining popularity as a heavy, decorative wood, its uses including aquarium ornaments, bases for lamps or sculptures, and garden accents.

Mopane in Namibia

It is also increasingly being used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly woodwind. Suitable quality African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), traditionally used for clarinets, is becoming harder to find. Mopane is fairly oily, seasons very well with few splits or shakes, and produces instruments of a warm, rich tone.[5]

Mopane twigs have been traditionally used as tooth brushes, bark to make twine and for tanning, and leaves for healing wounds. The wood is also used to make charcoal and for braai wood.

The tree is a major food source for the mopane worm, the caterpillar of the moth Gonimbrasia belina. The caterpillars are rich in protein and are eaten by people. The mopane worm is also rich in crude fats and contains vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcuim and phosphorus.[6] The tree also acts as a foodplant for a wild silk moth, Gonometa rufobrunnea. Cocoons of the moth are harvested as wild silk, to make cloth.

Mopane worm creates employment and serve as a source of income for the majority of rural women. Harvesters sell it in villages, towns or to the trader[7]

The mopane tree also serves as a host plant for the mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani.[8][9]

Etymology

Colophospermum is Latinised Greek for "oily seed", in reference to the resinous seed (i.e. spermum) which has a turpentine smell. Colophon was the birthplace of Homer in Ionia, and was famous for its rosin, a substance obtained from turpentine or the gummy exudate of some trees.[10] The species name mopane is taken from the local name for the tree.

See also
  • List of Southern African indigenous trees

References
  1. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  2. "Colophospermum mopane". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  3. "Mopane | The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)". Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  4. The Wood Database Mopane. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  5. Prosono International Woods for woodwinds. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  6. Potgieter, Martin (2015). Edible insects in Africa: An introduction to finding, using and eating insects. Wageningen: Agromisa Foundation and CT. p. 34. ISBN 978-90-8573-146-7.
  7. Potgieter, Martin (2015). Edible insects in Africa An introduction to finding, using and eating insects. Wageningen: Agromisa Foundation and CTA. p. 34. ISBN 978-90-8573-146-7.
  8. Oppong, C.K., Addo-Bediako, A., Potgieter, M.J. & Wessels, D.C.J. 2009. Distribution of the eggs of the mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the mopane tree. African Invertebrates 50 (1): 185-190.
  9. Oppong, C.K., Addo-Bediako, A., Potgieter, M.J. & Wessels, D.C.J. 2010. Nymphal behaviour and lerp construction in the mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). African Invertebrates 51 (1): 201-205."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2010-06-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. A reference to the species' resinous seed: 'Origins and Meanings of Names of South African Plant Genera' - W.P.U. Jackson (1990)
  • Esterhuyse, N., Von Breitenbach, J. & Söhnge, H. 2001. Remarkable trees of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria.
  • Ferwerda, J.G. (2005) Charting the quality of forage: measuring and mapping the variation of chemical components in foliage with hyperspectral remote sensing. Wageningen, Wageningen University, 2005. ITC Dissertation 126, 166 p. ISBN 90-8504-209-7.
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