Neurocysticercosis

Neurocysticercosis most commonly involves the cerebral cortex followed by the cerebellum. The pituitary gland is very rarely involved in neurocysticercosis. The cysts may rarely coalesce and form a tree-like pattern which is known as racemose neurocysticercosis, which when involving the pituitary gland may result in multiple pituitary hormone deficiency.[4]

Neurocysticerosis is diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan.[3] Diagnosis may be confirmed by detection of antibodies against cysticerci in CSF or serum[5] through ELISA or imunoblotting techniques.[6]

Treatment of neurocysticerosis includes epileptic therapy and a long-course medication of praziquantel (PZQ) and/or albendazole.[3] Steroid therapy may be necessary to minimize the inflammatory reaction to dying cysticerci.[6] Surgical removal of brain cysts may be necessary,[6] e.g. in cases of large parenchymal cysts, intraventricular cysts or hydrocephalus.[7]

Albendazole can reduce the number of viable brain lesions and reduce seizures recurrence in those with non-viable brain lesions.[8] Albendazole is contraindicated for spinal and ocular cysticercosis, as drug induced inflammation may result in irreversible damage to these organs.[9]

For seizures further randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of antiepileptic drugs (AED) for seizure prevention in patients with symptoms other than seizures and the duration of AED treatment in these cases.[10]

The epidemiology of Taenia solium cysticercosis is associated with poor sanitation and is highly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and Asia.[11][12][13] Cysticercosis in the United States, which commonly presents in the form of neurocysticercosis, has been classified as a "neglected tropical disease",[14] which commonly affects the poor and homeless, particularly those without access or in the habit of inadequate hand-washing and in the habit of eating with their hands.