New Jewish Cemetery, Kraków

The New Jewish Cemetery (Polish: Nowy cmentarz żydowski w Krakowie) is a historic necropolis situated on 55 Miodowa Street in Kraków, Poland. Located in the former Jewish neighborhood of Kazimierz, it covers an area of about 4.5 hectares (11 acres).[2] Since 1999, the cemetery is a registered heritage monument. The grounds also feature a well-preserved mortuary.[3]

New Jewish Cemetery
Nowy cmentarz żydowski
General view
Details
Established1800
Location
55 Miodowa Street, Kraków
CountryPoland
Coordinates50°03′12″N 19°57′07″E
TypeJewish cemetery
Owned byJewish Religious Community in Kraków
Size4,5 ha[1]
No. of gravesApproximately 10,000
Alleyway between tombs

History

The New Jewish Cemetery was founded in 1800 on grounds purchased by the Jewish Qahal from the Augustinians. It was enlarged in 1836 with additional land purchased from the monks. Following the return to independence, the New Cemetery became nearly full.[4] From 1932 on, burials were directed to a new plot bought in 1926 by the Qahal along Abrahama Street and the one at nearby Jerozolimska Street, both in the Wola Duchacka neighborhood (now part of Podgórze district). These two other cemeteries formed the site of the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp during the Holocaust and no longer exist.[5] The Jews from the Kraków Ghetto were sent there.[2][6]

World War II

Following the Nazi invasion of Poland in World War II, the New Cemetery was closed to outsiders and the Germans sold the most valuable stonework to local masons. Other headstones, as well as slabs, were turned into construction material and used for paving the supply road to the camp, including the courtyard of commandant Amon Göth,[2] who is known for having insisted that the Jews pay for their own executions.[7] Meanwhile, the old bones at the cemetery were often left uncovered and scattered around in what looked like an open-pit mine.[2][4] Caretaker Pina Ladner, who used to live on premises, was sent to Płaszów beforehand, and shot.[8]

Soon after the war ended, a local civil engineer identified only as Mr. Stendig,[5][8] likely Jakub Stendig, a camp survivor,[note 1] recovered many tombstones from the Płaszów camp site, and arranged to have them reinstalled at the New Cemetery.

Restoration

In 1957, the grounds were renovated with funds from the Joint Distribution Committee. After the collapse of communism on March 24, 1999, the cemetery, including the 1903 mortuary, were entered into the register of historical monuments of Kraków.[3]

The New Jewish Cemetery features a renovated brick mortuary hall from 1903, as well as the postwar lapidary memorial fitted with old headstones and crowned with a block of black marble. The cemetery contains over 10,000 tombs, the oldest dating from 1809.[5] There are many monuments commemorating the death of Jews killed during the Holocaust.

Notable individuals buried at the cemetery

Those buried at the New Jewish Cemetery of Kraków include:

Rabbis
Tzadiks and Jewish mystics
  • Aron Elimelech Szneur Zalman z Krosna (d. 1923), Tzadik
  • Aron Epstein (d. 1881), Tzadik
  • Kalonimus Kalman Epstein (d. 1832), Tzadik
  • Szlomo Zalman z Wielopola (d. 1857), Tzadik
  • Samuel Teitelbaum (d. 1888), Rabbi of Gorlice
Members of Beth din rabbinical court
  • Mosze Jaakow Dembitzer (d. 1863), Dayan of the city of Kraków
  • Pinchas Elijahu Dembitzer (d. 1920), Dayan of Kraków
  • Abraham Golds (d. 1825), Dayan of Kraków
  • Abraham Jener (d. 1876), Dayan of Kraków
  • Jehuda Liber Korngold (d. 1811), Dayan of Kraków
  • Akiba Kornitzer (d. 1892), Dayan of Kraków
  • Samuel Kornitzer (d. 1941), Dayan of Kraków
  • Saul Rafael Landau (d. 1854), Dayan of Kraków
  • Icchak Cwi Hirsz Lemler (d. 1824), Dayan of Izaak Synagogue
  • Mosze Elijahu Neimenc (d. 1838), Dayan of Kraków
  • Meszulam Feiwel Stern (d. 1837), Dayan of Kraków
Prominent others
      
  • Maria Bujańska (d. 1999), writer, pianist
  • Jakub Drobner (d. 1896), doctor, member of January Uprising
  • Maria Einhorn-Susułowska (d. 1998), psychologist
  • Irena Fessel (d. 2008), translator, scientist
  • Maksymilian Fiszgrund (d. 1978), journalist, Qahal activist
  • Abram Fogel (d. 1984) – kantor at Remuh Synagogue
  • Jerzy Gert (d. 1969), composer, conductor
  • Mieczysław Goldsztajn (d. 2001), neurologist
  • Jan Goślicki (d. 2006), essayist, translator
  • Maurycy Gottlieb (d. 1879), prominent painter
  • Henryk Halkowski (d. 2009), historian, publicist
  • Chaim Hanft (d. 1951), painter, sculptor and illustrator
  • Czesław Jakubowicz (d. 1997), president of the Jewish Community
  • Maciej Jakubowicz (d. 1979), president of Krakow Congregation
  • Nesanel Kichler (d. 1983), labor activist
  • Ignacy Krieger (d. 1889), pioneer of Polish photography
  • Józef Kwiatek (d. 1910), journalist, socialist activist
  • Stanisław Lack (d. 1909), poet, literary critic
  • Abraham Lesman (d. 1984), the last kantor of Tempel Synagogue
  • Aron Marcus (d. 1916), cofounder of Orthodox Zionism
  • Artur Markowicz (d. 1934), painter, graphic artist
  • Józef Oettinger, professor of Jagiellonian University
  • Maria Orwid (d. 2009), psychiatrist
  • Szymon Platner (d. 1994), the last Jewish survivor from Brzesko
  • Ferdynand Rajchman (d. 1999), classical philologist
  • Maksymilian Rose (d. 1937), neurologist
  • Józef Rosenblatt, professor of Jagiellonian University
  • Ignacy Rosenstock (d. 1935), editor-in-chief of "Przegląd Sportowy"
  • Szymon Samelsohn (d. 1881), president of Krakow Congregation
  • Józef Sare (d. 1929), architect, president of Krakow, Member of Parliament
  • Mieczysław Staner (d. 2003), writer, academic
  • Samuel Tilles (d. 1937), president of Krakow Congregation
  • Jonatan Warschauer (d. 1880), philanthropist, medical doctor
  • Maurycy Wiener (d. 1990), attorney, president of TSKŻ
  • Renata Zisman (d. 1999), pianist, pedagogue
  • Street view
  • In winter
  • Tombstone memorial
  • Tombstone memorial
  • Panoramic view
  • The funeral gate
  • Alleyway between tombs
  • Symbolic graves
  • View in summer
  • City map of Jewish heritage

See also

Footnotes
  1. Jakub Stendig was a civil engineer who worked in Płaszów camp as a prisoner architect. He was the son of Anschel Stendig, a wealthy citizen. Prior to the invasion, Stendig had graduated from the Technical Academy in Lwów and the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. He survived both Płaszów and Gross-Rosen concentration camps.[9]

References
  1. https://opowiedzmimiasto.mhk.pl/miejsca/nowy-cmentarz-zydowski/
  2. "The New Jewish Cemetery," at Jews and Krakow. Page 12. Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine (PDF) Featuring historical and contemporary photographs, as well as bibliography. Format: PDF 5.51 MB. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
  3. Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa: Rejestr zabytków nieruchomych – województwo małopolskie. ("749 KB ". Missing or empty |url= (help)749 KB ) 2010-06-30. Page 47. (in Polish)
  4. K. Bielawski, Nowy cmentarz żydowski w Krakowie. Source: Aleksander Bieberstein, Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie. Kirkuty.xt.pl. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
  5. Nowy cmentarz żydowski w Krakowie (New Jewish Cemetery) from Izrael.badacz.org. (in Polish)
  6. Nowy cmentarz at Magiczny Kraków. Official website of the city.
  7. "The SS: A Government in Waiting". Yizkor Book Project. JewishGen. 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
  8. Kraków – Cemetery at ul. Miodowej 58. (New Jewish Cemetery) Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved November 1, 2011. Note, the custodian who recovered tombstones from Płaszów, mentioned by his last name only, as Engineer Stendig.
  9. Gustawa (Gutka) Stendig-Lindberg and her family. Kraków – Virtual Shtetl.
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