Norton A. Schwartz

Schwartz grew up in Toms River, New Jersey,[6] the son of a typewriter salesman.[7] The first Jewish Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Schwartz was a member of the U.S. Air Force Academy Jewish choir before his 1973 graduation.[8] In 2004, Schwartz was awarded the Jewish Community Center's Military Leadership Award. In accepting the award, Schwartz said he was "proud to be identified as Jewish as well as an American military leader."

Schwartz graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1973. He is an alumnus of the National War College, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a 1994 Fellow of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Seminar XXI. He has served as Commander of the U.S. Special Operations Command Pacific, as well as Alaskan Command, Alaskan North American Aerospace Defense Command Region and the 11th Air Force.

Schwartz is a USAF Command Pilot with more than 4,400 flying hours in a variety of aircraft. He has flown C-130 Hercules and MC-130 Combat Talon I and Combat Talon II aircraft and MH-53 Pave Low III and Pave Low IV, and MH-60 Black Hawk and Pave Hawk special ops helicopters. His operational background goes back to the final days of the Vietnam War; at the time, he was a crew member taking part in the 1975 airlift evacuation of Saigon.[9] By 1991 he was chief of staff of the Joint Special Operations Task Force for Northern Iraq during the first Gulf War. He participated as a crew member in the 1975 airlift evacuation of Saigon, and in 1991 served as Chief of Staff of the Joint Special Operations Task Force for Northern Iraq in operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. In 1997, he led the Joint Task Force that prepared for the noncombatant evacuation of U.S. citizens in Cambodia. On January 12, 2000 Schwartz was promoted to Lieutenant General and received his third-star upon assuming the command of Alaskan Command and Eleventh Air Force.[10][11]

September 11 Attacks

During the September 11, 2001 Attacks General Schwartz at that time was the commander of Alaskan Command, a joint subordinate unified command of North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) which oversee the state of Alaska. At that time of the attacks all of air-traffics above The United States Airspace was grounded and most of the flight are diverted to Canada as part of the Operation Yellow Ribbon in response of the attacks.[11] However one aircraft, a Korean Air Boeing 747-400 Flight 85 which en route to Anchorage International Airport for stopover with final destination to New York, John F. Kennedy International Airport, suddenly reported being hijacked and transmitting the international hijack transponder code. Lieutenant General Schwartz who was in-charge of Alaskan Command at that time ordered to scrambled two F-15s aircraft in-order to intercept the Korean Air Flight 85 and order the F-15 pilot to then established direct radio contact with the Korean Air Flight 85 pilot.[11]

Commander of The Alaskan Command Lieutenant General Norton Schwartz with U.S. President George W. Bush and First-Lady Laura Bush at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska on February 16, 2002.

Schwartz then contact the commander in charge of the Canadian NORAD region, Lieutenant General Angus Watt and discuss the possibility of diverting the Korean Air 747 into Whitehorse, Canada since the 747 was running low on fuel and headed into U.S. Territory. Schwartz also guaranteed that the Korean Air 747 will be escorted by U.S. Air Force fighter aircraft all the way until the plane touchdown.[11] Upon receiving approval from the Canadian authority, Watts then allowed the Korean Air Boeing 747 to land on  Whitehorse International Airport in condition that the plane have to be escorted by the United States Air Force until its land on Whitehorse International Airport. Immediately after landing on Whitehorse International Airport, the Korean Air Flight 85 Boeing 747 was surrounded by The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the crew was interrogated by the Canadian authority.[11] It was later confirmed that in-fact, it was not a hijacking, but rather a mistaken signal which was transmitted by the Korean Air Flight 85 pilot.[11] Many praise Schwartz decision in-coordinating with the Canadian Authority in-order to divert the Korean Air Flight 85 into Whitehorse, Canada which eventually saving the lives of 215 passengers on board the Korean Air Flight 85.[12] At that time during the September 11 Attacks all the Air Force Fighter Aircraft which was scrambled and patrolled around the United States Airspace was given the order to shoot down all aircraft that was suspected being hijacked and had the potential to be used to attack several important locations within the United States, knowing that it was hijacked distress signal that was send by the Korean Air Flight 85 pilot.[12]

Lieutenant General Norton Schwartz during his tenured as Director of the Joint Staff, at a press briefing in The Pentagon.

General Norton Schwartz assuming the command of Transportation Command (TRANSCOM) in September 2005.

Schwartz was appointed to be The Commander of the United States Transportation Command (TRANSCOM) in 2005. Schwartz also received his fourth-star and was promoted into four-star General.[11] As Commander of The Transportation Command, General Schwartz oversees the mobilization of all of the service branches and defense agencies transportation and mobility support. General Schwartz also organized the entire Department of Defense transportation network.[11] During his tenured as TRANSCOM Commander General Schwartz also coordinated with commercial airline in cooperation for providing military airlift. Schwartz also held a routine meetings with the Airline CEO in-order to discuss about the Airline company cooperation with the military and the Department of Defense.[11] As a result, many cargo and chartered airline companies help provided so many airlift for military personnel and logistical supports during the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan.

Schwartz also emphasize about the importance of the movement of injured warfighters from the battlefield to medical treatment facilities in-order for them to get immediate and quickly medical treatment. Especially knowing that this was a complex process in which it required close collaboration with doctors, hospitals and evacuation crews.[11] One of General Schwartz major accomplishment as Commander of The Transportation Command was the successfully of The United States Transportation Command to transported over 9,900 patients from the United States Central Command area of responsibility which was the key-element area during the Iraq War, War in Afghanistan and War on Terrorism and over 16,000 patients globally to a medical treatment facilities.[11] In 2008 following three years of his tenure as Commander of The United States Transportation Command, General Schwartz was actually set to retired form active-duty. However following the nuclear weapons incident in 2007 which resulted in the relieved of Air Force Chief of Staff General T. Michael Moseley, Schwartz was elevated into the position of The United States Air Force Chief of Staff and named his successor.[7][11]

Air Force Chief of Staff General Norton Schwartz flies a Lockheed-Martin C-130 Hercules.

Air Force Chief of Staff General Norton Schwartz and Secretary of the Air Force Michael Donley at The Pentagon in 2012.

In June 2008, following the relieved of General T. Michael Moseley as Air Force Chief of Staff, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates nominated General Schwartz to be the next Air Force Chief of Staff.[7][14] Schwartz is the first Air Force Chief of Staff with a background as an Air Force transport and special operations airplane and helicopter pilot and not with a background as a fighter or bomber pilot. It is speculated that Secretary of Defense Robert Gates picked him for that reason.[9]

As Chief of Staff, General Schwartz served as the senior uniformed Air Force officer responsible for the organization, training and equipping of nearly 700,000 active-duty Air Force, Air Force Reserve, Air National Guard and civilian forces serving in the United States and overseas. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Schwartz functioned as a military adviser to the Secretary of Defense, National Security Council and the President.[10]

During his tenured as Air Force Chief of Staff, General Schwartz reaffirm about the important role of drone aircraft, on which he considered that drone could be the future of the Air Force.[15] At that time dozens of unmanned aircraft were being used in the war on terrorism especially at Afghanistan.[15] General Schwartz also estimates that in the future, 85 percent of Unmanned Aircraft will have a huge role within the Air Force and its operations. In 2011 almost 350 drone pilots were trained and prepared by the Air Force.[15]

Air-Sea Battle Doctrine

Together with Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Gary Roughead, General Schwartz introduced a new Battle Doctrine in 2010, The Air-Sea Battle Doctrine. The Air-Sea Battle Doctrine was an Air Force and Navy integrated battle doctrine which formed a key component military strategy.[16] The Air-Sea Battle Doctrine was initiated in recognizing the unique challenges of the Western-Pacific arena.[11] It created an institutional partnership and cooperation within The United States Air Force and The United States Navy.[11] Both General Schwartz and Admiral Roughead saw the need and importance of both Air Force and Navy cooperation within the Indo-Pacific region that ultimately lead to the initiation of Air-Sea Battle Doctrine, especially in wartime situation within the Indo-Pacific region.[17]

Air Force Chief of Staff General Norton Schwartz speaks at a ceremony in The Pentagon March 25, 2011.

Air Force Chief of Staff General Norton Schwartz and Chief of Naval Operation Admiral Garry Roughead discuss about the Air-Sea Battle Doctrine.

One of the primary goal of Air-Sea Battle Doctrine was the interoperable of Air and Naval forces that could execute networked and integrated depth attacks in-order to disrupt, destroy and ultimately crippled defeat the enemies anti-access/area denial capabilities in-order to sustain and protect the key-element area within the Indo-Pacific Region.[11] General Schwartz also emphasized about the importance of Air-Sea Battle for a non-combat operations such as disaster relief, in which General Schwartz argued that by the big part in an effort in improving training, tactics and communications technologies therefore The Air Force, The Navy and even The Marines could work together better, both during the wartime situation and non-combat operations such as disaster relief mission.[18]

The purpose to create joined Air Force and Navy battle strategy began in the 1990s, when both Air Force and Navy had institutionalized a joint air operations which the eventually led the two services began to swapping air crews, tacticians and intelligence officers in a joint-service partnership following the Gulf War.[17] It created a new cooperative  environment that balanced the differences in naval (carrier-based) and Air Force (land-based) air operation, strengthened command and staff relationships, integrated air asset strike operations, and pooled common air resources.[17] In February 2010 the Air-Sea Battle Doctrine became official and in 2015 The Air-Sea Battle doctrine was renamed into to Joint Concept for Access and Maneuver in the Global Commons (JAM-GC).[6]

In August 2012, General Schwartz retired after serving for four years as Air Force Chief of Staff and served for 39 years within the Air Force.[14] General Schwartz was succeeded by General Mark A. Welsh who previously served as commander of United States Air Forces in Europe and Africa.[14]

After his retirement from the Air Force, he wrote a memoir entitled Journey: Memoirs of an Air Force Chief of Staff with Susie Schwartz and Ronald Levinson.[11][19]

In 2013, Schwartz became a member of the Board of Trustees of the Institute for Defense Analyses.[20] In July 2019, Schwartz was selected to become IDA's president and CEO, effective January 2, 2020.[5]

1973 Bachelor of Science degree in political science and international affairs, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado

1977 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama

1983 Master of Business Administration degree, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan

1984 Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia

1989 National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.

1994 Fellow, Seminar XXI, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Official Air Force portrait painting of General Norton Schwartz painted by Michele Rushworth.

1. August 1973 – September 1974, student, undergraduate pilot training, Laughlin AFB, Texas
2. October 1974 – January 1975, student, C-130 initial qualification training, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas
3. February 1975 – October 1977, C-130E aircraft commander, 776th and 21st Tactical Airlift Squadrons, Clark Air Base, Philippines
4. October 1977 – December 1977, student, Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
5. December 1977 – October 1979, C-130E/H flight examiner, 61st Tactical Airlift Squadron, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas
6. October 1979 – November 1980, intern, Air Staff Training Program, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans, Operations and Readiness, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
7. November 1980 – July 1983, MC-130E flight examiner, 8th Special Operations Squadron, Hurlburt Field, Florida
8. July 1983 – January 1984, student, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia
9. January 1984 – April 1986, action officer, Directorate of Plans, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
10. May 1986 – June 1988, Commander, 36th Tactical Airlift Squadron, McChord AFB, Washington
11. August 1988 – June 1989, student, National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
12. July 1989 – July 1991, Director of Plans and Policy, Special Operations Command Europe, Patch Barracks, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
13. August 1991 – May 1993, Deputy Commander for Operations and Commander, 1st Special Operations Group, Hurlburt Field, Florida
14. May 1993 – May 1995, Deputy Director of Operations, later, Deputy Director of Forces, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
15. June 1995 – May 1997, Commander, 16th Special Operations Wing, Hurlburt Field, Florida
16. June 1997 – October 1998, Commander, Special Operations Command, Pacific, Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii
17. October 1998 – January 2000, Director of Strategic Planning, Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
18. January 2000 – September 2000, Deputy Commander in Chief, U.S. Special Operations Command, MacDill AFB, Florida
19. September 2000 – October 2002, Commander, Alaskan Command, Alaskan North American Aerospace Defense Command Region and 11th Air Force, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska.
20. October 2002 – October 2004, Director for Operations, the Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington, D.C.
21. October 2004 – August 2005, Director, the Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington, D. C.
22. September 2005 – August 2008, Commander, U.S. Transportation Command, Scott AFB, Illinois
23. August 2008 – August 2012, Chief of Staff, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.

Rating: command pilot.

Flight hours: more than 4,400.[21]

Aircraft flown: C-130E/H, MC-130E/H/P, HC-130, AC-130H/U, YMC-130, MH-53 and MH-60.

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  General Norton Schwartz upon landing at Hurlburt Field, Florida following his fini-flight during his last month tenure as Air Force Chief of Staff.
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  General Norton Schwartz received his Fourth-Star, pinned by Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers and his wife Susie Schwartz at The Pentagon, September 2005.
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  General Schwartz gives his keynote speech during a ceremony at The New Jersey Aviation Hall.
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  General Schwartz received The Defense Distinguished Service Medal, presents by Secretary of Defense Robert Gates at The Pentagon, August 12, 2008.

• Media related to Norton A. Schwartz at Wikimedia Commons
• Official USAF Biography
• Appearances on C-SPAN