Nosferatu (fish)

Nosferatu is a genus of cichlid fishes endemic to the Rio Panuco Basin and the tributaries of the adjacent Tamiahua Lagoon (to the South) and San Andrés Lagoon (to the North)[1] in the states of Veracruz, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas and Querétaro,[2] Mexico. The genus is characterized by a prolongation in the size of the symphysial pair of teeth relative to that of the other teeth in the outer row of the upper jaw (nosferatuform teeth); breeding pigmentation that consists of darkening of ventral area extending over nostrils, opercular series, and pectoral fins; depressed dorsal fin rarely expands beyond anterior third of caudal fin; and an elongated, elastic, smooth caecum adhered to a saccular stomach.[1]

Nosferatu
Nosferatu pame
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cichliformes
Family: Cichlidae
Tribe: Heroini
Genus: Nosferatu
De la Maza-Benignos, Ornelas-García, Lozano-Vilano, García-Ramírez & Doadrio, 2015
Type species
Herichthys pame
De la Maza-Benignos & Lozano-Vilano, 2013

All species in Nosferatu had previously belonged to its sister genus Herichthys.[1][3][4][5][6]

Species

There are currently 7 recognized species in this genus:[1]

Phylogenetics

Separate analysis of the mitochondrial gene Cox1 by León-Romero et al. and by De la Maza-Benignos, et al. confirmed the monophyly of the genus group, and revealed the existence of three clades within:[1][8] The paraphyletic [1] bartoni clade, conformed by sympatric N. labridens and N. bartoni; the paraphyletic [1] (in their study León-Romero et al. did not consider N. pame nor included N. pratinus and consequently report monophyly) steindachneri clade, conformed of the allopatric N. pratinus, and sympatric N. pame and N. steindachneri; and the monophyletic pantostictus clade (in the study by León-Romero et al. some of the lineages of N. pantostictus are misidentified as N. labridens; consequently they report polyphyly) composed of the nominal species N. pantostictus.[9] In comparison to Herichthys, high levels of intrageneric divergence and structure within Nosferatu were revealed.

Evolution

Divergence time for the split between Herichthys and Nosferatu has been estimated in ~5 Mya. During these times (i.e. Miocene-Pliocene), intense regional vulcanism led to the formation of the graben structure that conforms the sedimentary Rio Verde Basin;[10] and the drain-less depression was filled by a number of endorheic shallow lakes, where Nosferatu evolved into the bartoni (~3 Mya), steindacheri (~2Mya) and pantostictus (~2 Mya) clades. Later on (~1.8 Mya), as regional faulting rejoined the Rio Verde with the Pánuco Basin during the course of the Pleistocene, the genus re invaded the Pánuco, this time with the evolved mechanisms of reproductive isolation that allows its sympatry with Herichthys.[1]

Name

The name of this genus, Nosferatu was given because of the pair of well-developed recurved fangs in the upper jaw present possessed by all species of the genus, these were said to be reminiscent of those of the eponymous vampire in F. W. Murnau’s Nosferatu.[11]

References
  1. de la Maza-Benignos, Mauricio; Ornelas-García, Claudia Patricia; Lozano-Vilano, María de Lourdes; García-Ramírez, María Elena; Doadrio, Ignacio (April 2015). "Phylogeographic analysis of genus Herichthys (Perciformes: Cichlidae), with descriptions of Nosferatu new genus and H. tepehua n. sp". Hydrobiologia. 748 (1): 201–231. doi:10.1007/s10750-014-1891-8. hdl:10261/126238. S2CID 16769534.
  2. Soto-Galera, E.; Alcántara-Soria, L.; Paulo-Maya, J. (2011). Estado actual de la ictiofauna dulceacuícola de la provincia del complejo Tamesí-Pánuco (PDF) (Report). Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Informe Final SNIB-CONABIO Proyecto No. FM027. México, D.F.
  3. Reis, Roberto E.; Kullander, Sven O.; Ferraris, Carl J., eds. (2003). "Herichthys". Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. EDIPUCRS. pp. 635–636. ISBN 978-85-7430-361-1.
  4. de la Maza-Benignos, Mauricio; Lozano-Vilano, Ma De Lourdes (6 November 2013). "Description of three new species of the genus Herichthys (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from eastern Mexico, with redescription of H. labridens, H. steindachneri, and H. pantostictus". Zootaxa. 3734 (2): 101–129. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3734.2.1. PMID 25277902. S2CID 32123445.
  5. Paepke, Hans-joachim; Morgenstern, Rico; Schindler, Ingo (16 May 2014). "Cichlid fishes (Teleostei, Cichlidae) collected by Ferdinand Deppe in Mexico". Vertibrate Zoology. 64 (1): 43–57. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.5948.
  6. Oldfield, Ronald G.; Mandrekar, Kapil; Nieves, M. Xavier; Hendrickson, Dean A.; Chakrabarty, Prosanta; Swanson, Brook O.; Hofmann, Hans A. (April 2015). "Parental care in the Cuatro Ciénegas cichlid, Herichthys minckleyi (Teleostei: Cichlidae)". Hydrobiologia. 748 (1): 233–257. doi:10.1007/s10750-014-2081-4. S2CID 17487888.
  7. Ratnasingham, Sujeevan; Hebert, Paul D. N. (24 January 2007). "bold: The Barcode of Life Data System (http://www.barcodinglife.org)". Molecular Ecology Notes. 7 (3): 355–364. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x. PMC 1890991. PMID 18784790.
  8. León-Romero, Yatzil; Mejía, Omar; Soto-Galera, Eduardo (November 2012). "DNA barcoding reveals taxonomic conflicts in the Herichthys bartoni species group (Pisces: Cichlidae)". Molecular Ecology Resources. 12 (6): 1021–1026. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.12018. PMID 23006448. S2CID 26372288.
  9. de la Maza-Benignos, Mauricio; Lozano-Vilano, Ma de Lourdes; García-Ramírez, María Elena; de la Maza-Benignos, Mauricio; Lozano-Vilano, Ma de Lourdes; García-Ramírez, María Elena (December 2015). "Response paper: Morphometric article by Mejía et al. 2015 alluding genera Herichthys and Nosferatu displays serious inconsistencies". Neotropical Ichthyology. 13 (4): 673–676. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20150066.
  10. Planer-Friedrich, Britta (2000). "Hydrogeological and hydrochemical investigations in the Rioverde basin, Mexico". Freiberg Online Geosciences. doi:10.23689/fidgeo-871.
  11. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2018). "Nosferatu bartoni" in FishBase. June 2018 version.
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