Oral History of British Science

An Oral History of British Science is collecting 200 audio interviews, each 8 to 15 hours in length, with scientists, engineers and others linked with science and technology in Britain, as well as shorter on-location video recordings. The project is split into four themed strands: Made in Britain, A Changing Planet, Cosmologies and Biomedicine. Importantly, the project seeks to identify lesser-heard voices, for example women scientists, laboratory technicians, and engineers.[2] The project Advisory Committee, which meets at least three times a year to discuss progress and to advise on future direction, comprises Dr Jon Agar, Lord Alec Broers, Dr Tilly Blyth, Georgina Ferry, Professor Dame Julia Higgins, Dr Maja Kominko, Sir Harry Kroto, John Lynch, Professor Chris Rapley and Dr Simone Turchetti.

An Oral History of British Science is conducted by National Life Stories at the British Library, and forms part of a wider institutional initiative to better document contemporary history of science and technology through the addition of audio visual sources as well as written sources.[3] National Life Stories, a charitable trust and limited company within the British Library, was established by Paul Thompson (oral historian) and Jennifer Wingate in 1987 to capture the life stories of British people whose experiences would not otherwise be recorded. Since then NLS has recorded over 2,200 interviews totalling some 22,000 hours, all of them accessible at the British Library. Other NLS projects focus on the lives of visual artists, authors, craftspeople, architects, those involved in the UK water industry, and key individuals connected to social welfare, social policy and charity work. Previous NLS projects focused on the British fashion industry, the post office, the steel and oil industries, Jewish experiences in Britain, the British press, and those involved in the UK food industry, from production to consumption.[4]

Despite a significant oral history tradition in science studies in other countries, the field in Britain is not well developed. In April 2005 NLS hosted an exploratory roundtable conference at the British Library. Chaired by Sir Nicholas Goodison, ‘Personal Testimonies of Contemporary Science, Technology and Medicine’ was attended by representatives of the UK’s leading history of science archives and libraries, and distinguished researchers. The meeting concluded that very few scientific testimonies were held collectively and that a major programme of recording needed to be initiated to capture rich personal memory not available in any printed or manuscript sources. Following this, NLS commissioned a mapping and scoping study, 'The Oral History of Science in Britain: A Scoping Study'. The study confirmed that there were currently very few oral history collections in Britain looking specifically at professionals working in science and technology; that those projects that were developed in the past were short-lived and narrow in scope; and that many of these recordings are not properly archived or publicly accessible. The scoping study found one exception, which was that the history of medicine seemed to be better documented through oral history than other fields of science and technology.[5]

An Oral History of British Science follows the biographical, or life story, oral history approach with each audio interview averaging 8 to 15 hours in length. This biographical approach is valuable for researchers seeking a more rounded view of an individual and their contribution. The interviews cover the individual’s career history, education, background and family.

In addition to the life story audio interviews a number of supplementary, follow-up video interviews are being conducted; these focus on particular instrumentation, specific geographical settings or key turning points in a scientist’s career. Edited extracts from the videos are being made available via the British Library YouTube Channel.[6] The Vega Science Trust have conducted similar interviews since 1997; they provide access to short interviews with scientists, as well as access to science documentaries, lectures and educational videos, via their website and YouTube channel.[7]

All interviews are catalogued on the Sound and Moving Image Catalogue.[8] Interviews which are complete and open are accessible onsite at the Library in St Pancras, London and in Boston Spa, Yorkshire via the Library’s Listening & Viewing Service.[9] Interviews which are open are also made accessible via the Archival Sound Recordings website under the ‘Oral history of British science’ content package.[10]

‘A Changing Planet’ considers the advancement of the earth system sciences in the light of recent concerns associated with environmental and climate change. Two chief points are explored: how, when and why the Earth has become a subject of scientific investigation; and how this investigation has been pivotal to the rise of concerns about the impact of humans on the environments. Those interviewed for the strand are those involved in the earth sciences: climatologists, meteorologists, geologists, geophysicists, geochemists, ecologists, glaciologists and oceanographers.

‘Made in Britain’ examines important discoveries in science and technology that have led to new industrial applications. The strand covers computing, aerospace engineering, some applied sciences (such as condensed matter physics) as well as engineering fields (chemical, electrical, civil and structural). The title refers to the fact that an analysis of these breakthroughs in science should also be looked at as something that has boosted national pride, while arising from research conducted by experts of different ethnic backgrounds.

‘Biomedicine’ aims to investigate the transformations that have typified biomedicine, paying special attention to how new technologies have changed medical practices and provided a new understanding of biological objects. This strand investigates the industrialisation of the processes of treatment and cure, as well as the idea that these processes can be engineered. Advances in genetic engineering are central to this study, especially in relation to the rise of ‘big Pharma’. This strand is currently unfunded.

‘Cosmologies’ considers new systems of thought that have emerged in correspondence with the development of a number of theoretical fields: mathematics, mathematical physics, cosmology, astronomy, statistics, and high-energy physics. This strand is currently unfunded.

Interviewed for ‘A Changing Planet’:

• Barbara Bowen (Geophysics technician/ research assistant)
• Joe Farman (Geophysicist)
• John Glen (Glaciologist)
• A.T. (Dick) Grove (Geographer/ geomorphologist)
• David Jenkinson (Soil Scientist)
• Desmond King-Hele (Physicist)
• John Kington (Meteorologist and climatologist)
• James Lovelock (Geochemist)
• Melvyn Mason (Technician in seismic refraction)
• Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)
• Stephen Moorbath (Geologist and Geochronologist)
• John Nye (scientist) (Physicist, Theoretical glaciologist)
• Charles Swithinbank (Glaciologist)
• Janet Thomson (Geologist)
• Sue Vine (Geophysicist technician/ research assistant)
• Richard West (Botanist and Quaternary Geologist)

Interviewed for ‘Made in Britain’:

• Raymond Bird (Computer Engineer)
• Tony Brooker (Computer Scientist)
• Mary Coombs (Computer Programmer)
• Sir Alan Cottrell (Metallurgist and Physicist)
• Dai Edwards (Computer Engineer);
• Roy Gibson (Aerospace Engineer)
• Andy Hopper (Computer Engineer)
• Frank Land (Computer Scientist)
• Bob Parkinson (Aerospace Engineer)
• Dame Stephanie Shirley (Computer Scientist)
• Geoff Tootill (Computer Engineer)
• Maurice Wilkes (Computer Engineer)

Interviewed under ‘Biomedicine’:

• Sammy Lee (scientist) (Clinical embryologist)

• Oral History of British Science interviews available online
• Oral History of British Science
• Oral History of British Science project blog
• The Arcadia Fund
• The 1851 Royal Commission