Oregon National Primate Research Center

The Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC) is one of seven federally funded National Primate Research Centers[2] in the United States and has been affiliated with Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) since 1998.[3] The center is located on 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land in Hillsboro, Oregon.[4] Originally known as the Oregon Regional Primate Research Center (ORPRC), it was the first of the original seven primate centers established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The research center is administered and funded by the National Center for Research Resources, receiving $11 million in federal grants annually.[5]

Oregon National Primate Research Center
Aerial view (2000)
Motto
"Better Health Through Scientific Discovery"
Established1962
Research typeBiomedical on nonhuman primates
DirectorNancy Haigwood
Staff230
LocationHillsboro, Oregon, United States
45.524006°N 122.874824°W / 45.524006; -122.874824 [1]
Campus350 acres (1.4 km2)
Operating agency
Oregon Health & Science University
Websitewww.ohsu.edu

The center maintains a colony of 4,200 non-human primates (consisting of rhesus monkeys, Japanese macaques, vervets, baboons and cynomolgus macaques),[6] cared for by 12 veterinarians and 100 full-time technicians.[7] Living conditions at the facility are inspected bi-annually by the USDA in unannounced visits. Animal rights activists have criticized the practice.

The primates are used in pure and applied biomedical research into fertility control, early embryo development, obesity, brain development and degeneration, and newly emerging viruses, especially AIDS-related agents.[8] Research projects at the facility have produced some notable findings, such as the first successful cloning of primate embryos and extraction of stem cells, which was named the number one scientific achievement of 2007 by Time.

History

Construction of the facility began in 1961 after a $1.9 million grant from the National Institutes of Health.[9] It was built on 240 acres (0.97 km2) in Washington County and opened in 1962.[9] In 1970, the Oregon location became the first of the regional centers to build and use outdoor breeding facilities.[10] By 1976 the campus housed 18 different species and 2,100 total animals while employing 225 people.[9]

In 1988, the center added the Cooley Center for Cell and Molecular Biology to the campus, followed by the Animal Services Building in 1992. OHSU took over in 1998 when the center was merged into the university.[10] In 2002, the center was renamed from the Oregon Regional Primate Center to the current name after the NIH changes the designation of all the primate research centers.[10]

Research

Scientists at the Oregon National Primate Research Center have published several research projects which have a made significant impact on health sciences.

Cloning and embryonic stem cells

In 2007, ONPRC scientists were the first to utilize cloning to reproduce primate embryos, and then extract embryonic stem cells — a procedure only previously performed in rodents, and which garnered expectations of being reproduced in humans.[11] This breakthrough was named the number one scientific achievement of the year by Time magazine.[12] In 2011, the center cloned chimeric monkeys using stem cells from six different monkeys, also a first.[13]

Multiple sclerosis

Researchers have identified factors that prevent the repair of brain damage caused by multiple sclerosis, complications of premature birth, and other diseases;[14] as well as a key gene that impacts the timing of puberty and can shorten the time span for reproduction.[15]

AIDS

Recent publications have suggested that a component of the immune system damaged by AIDS might be replaceable,[16] and have indicated a way to detect intra-amniotic infections in non-human primates, which may result in the development of a test for infections that cause premature birth in humans.[17]

Obesity

Findings in the area of obesity research include the role of the hormone leptin in causing/preventing obesity, how leptin resistance occurs and can be reversed,[18] how a high-fat diet during pregnancy affects the foetus,[19] how the natural hormone PYY can cause limited weight loss,[20] and how reduced caloric intake may slow aging and weakening of the immune system.[21]

Animal care oversight

The center receives unannounced bi-annual inspections by the United States Department of Agriculture.[22] It has been accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International[23] since 1975. As required by the Animal Welfare Act, the center also maintains an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; each IACUC must consist of at least one veterinarian with training in laboratory animal science and expertise in the species under consideration, at least one practicing research scientist, and at least one person not affiliated with the institution to represent community interests in proper care and use of animals.

Animal rights groups

In 2000, animal rights activist Matt Rossell posed as a laboratory technician and later released video footage he had taken from inside the center. He accused them of violating federal laws and ignoring signs of distress among the rhesus monkeys housed there. "OHSU responded that Rossell's motives were suspect and his videotapes misleading."[24] The USDA concluded that the allegations were unfounded.[25]

In 2007, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) filed a complaint with the federal government after one of their members obtained a job at the primate center for day to day animal care and was able to take video and photos. A center spokesman said the behavior of the monkeys seen in the footage was attributable to the infiltrator entering into and creating an unfamiliar environment for the animals.[26]

See also

References
  1. "University of Oregon Medical School Primate Center". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. March 1, 1994. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
  2. "National Primate Research Centers". National Institutes of Health. 2006. Archived from the original (webpage) on October 4, 2006. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
  3. "About ONPRC: History at a Glance". Oregon Health Sciences University. 2006. Archived from the original (webpage) on October 20, 2006. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
  4. "OHSU: News Release".
  5. Sabatier, Julie. Monkey Business Archived June 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Willamette Week, December 13, 2006
  6. "Caring for our Animals:Our primates". Oregon Health Sciences University. 2006. Archived from the original (webpage) on October 20, 2006. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
  7. Caring for our animals Archived August 20, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, ONPRC.
  8. "About ONPRC: Mission". Oregon Health Sciences University. 2006. Archived from the original (webpage) on October 20, 2006. Retrieved December 4, 2006.
  9. "Historic Potpourri: Primate site offers areas for research". Hillsboro Argus. October 19, 1976. p. 9.
  10. About ONPRC: History at a Glance Archived 2006-10-20 at Archive.today
  11. Kolata, Gina (November 15, 2007). "Scientists Use Monkey Clones to Extract Stem Cells". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
  12. Mahr, Krista (December 9, 2007). "Top 10 Scientific Discoveries". Time. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  13. Rojas-Burke, Joe (January 5, 2012). "Oregon monkeys with six parents push the limits of embryonic stem cells". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
  14. Back, SA; Tuohy, TM; Chen, H; Wallingford, N; Craig, A; Struve, J; Luo, NL; Banine, F; et al. (September 2005). "Hyaluronan accumulates in demyelinated lesions and inhibits oligodendrocyte progenitor maturation". Nat Med. 11 (9): 966–72. doi:10.1038/nm1279. PMID 16086023. S2CID 6945872.
  15. Ojeda SR, Roth C, Mungenast A, et al. (February 2006). "Neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling female puberty: new approaches, new concepts". Int. J. Androl. 29 (1): 256–63, discussion 286–90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00619.x. PMID 16466547.
  16. Picker, LJ; Reed-Inderbitzin, EF; Hagen, SI; Edgar, JB; Hansen, SG; Legasse, A; Planer, S; Piatak Jr, M; et al. (June 2006). "IL-15 induces CD4 effector memory T cell production and tissue emigration in nonhuman primates". J Clin Invest. 116 (6): 1514–24. doi:10.1172/JCI27564. PMC 1459071. PMID 16691294. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  17. Gravett, MG; Novy, MJ; Rosenfeld, RG; Reddy, AP; Jacob, T; Turner, M; McCormack, A; Lapidus, JA; et al. (July 28, 2004). "Diagnosis of intra-amniotic infection by proteomic profiling and identification of novel biomarkers". JAMA. 292 (4): 462–9. doi:10.1001/jama.292.4.462. PMID 15280344.
    "Erratum". JAMA. 292 (19): 2340. November 2004. doi:10.1001/jama.292.19.2340.
  18. Bouret, SG; Draper, SJ; Simerly, RB (April 2, 2004). "Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding". Science. 304 (5667): 108–10. doi:10.1126/science.1095004. PMID 15064420. S2CID 39947532.
  19. Grayson BE, Allen SE, Billes SK, Williams SM, Smith MS, Grove KL (December 2006). "Prenatal development of hypothalamic neuropeptide systems in the nonhuman primate". Neuroscience. 143 (4): 975–86. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.055. PMID 17029798. S2CID 22101163.
  20. Batterham, RL; Cowley, MA; Small, CJ; Herzog, H; Cohen, MA; Dakin, CL; Wren, AM; Brynes, AE; et al. (2002). "Gut hormone PYY3-36 physiologically inhibits food intake". Nature. 418 (6898): 650–4. doi:10.1038/nature00887. PMID 12167864. S2CID 4300829.
  21. Messaoudi, I; Warner, J; Fischer, M; Park, B; Hill, B; Mattison, J; Lane, MA; Roth, GS; et al. (December 19, 2006). "Delay of T cell senescence by caloric restriction in aged long-lived nonhuman primates". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103 (51): 19448–53. doi:10.1073/pnas.0606661103. PMC 1748246. PMID 17159149. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.
  22. "United States Department of Agriculture". Archived from the original on July 31, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  23. "Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International". Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
  24. Dawdy, Philip (January 3, 2001). "Shock the Monkeys". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on March 9, 2001.
  25. "USDA Finishes Report on Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Concludes allegations are unfounded. OHSU News Release, January 12, 2001".
  26. Savickas, Daniel (November 13, 2008). "PETA files complaint against Oregon National Primate Research Center". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011.
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