Ouki

Ouki was an ancient lake in the Bolivian Altiplano. Its existence was postulated in 2006 by a group of scientists which had subdivided the Lake Minchin lake cycle in several subcycles. The Lake Minchin cycle had been previously identified in 1904 as a now disappeared lake in the central Altiplano.[1] Sediments attributed to Lake Minchin may be part of Ouki instead. The dating is uncertain, with radiocarbon and uranium-thorium dating yielding different dates spanning the time between 28,200 and 125,990 ± 9,580 years ago.

Whether Ouki existed is a subject of controversy. In 2011, scientists claimed that the lake did not exist outside of the Lake Poopo basin. The formation of Ouki is associated with a major glaciation and was probably caused by increased precipitation, which has also been observed elsewhere.

General characteristics

Ouki reached a water level of approximately 3,735 metres (12,254 ft)[2] with preserved shorelines at Lake Poopo,[3] and it may have covered the Salar de Uyuni, the Salar de Coipasa and the Lake Poopo area,[4] although the Uyuni and Coipasa basins may have been filled by a separate lake Salinas instead.[5] Estimates of the surface area depend on the assumed lake levels and whether the lake covered only the Lake Poopo basin or also the Uyuni/Coipasa basins. It ranges 10,400–46,500 square kilometres (4,000–18,000 sq mi).[6]

The Ouki lake is one of the so-called deep lake cycles, along with Lake Tauca, from which it is separated by a period where water levels dropped below 3,700 metres (12,100 ft). It has left characteristic tufa deposits which have shapes of inverted cones.[7] The depth of the lake did not exceed c. 80 metres (260 ft). The subsequent Salinas lake cycle may simply be a shrinking stage of the Ouki lake.[8] Likewise, the existence Lake Minchin may be in part based on misattributing deposits left by Ouki.[2] The Ouki lake cycle may be subdivided into individual phases in the future.[9]

The Ouki lake was populated by species such as Pisidium bivalves, ostracodes and the Biomphalaria andecola snail.[10] Waters had a high concentration of Sr.[11] While one model inferred from strontium isotope data assumes that most of the Ouki water was contributed by the Poopó basin, another assumes a 69% contribution by waters from Lake Titicaca.[12] Waters from the Poopó basin would have spilled into the Uyuni/Coipasa basin.[13] The drying of the lake left deposits containing amphibole, illite, plagioclase feldspar, potassium feldspar, kaolinite, pyroxene, quartz and smectite.[14]

Dating

Various radiometric dates have been obtained for the Ouki paleolake from tufa, wood and fossils of Bulimulidae and Littoridina,[7] mostly within the basin of Lake Poopo.[9] There is noticeable disagreement between radiometric dates obtained by uranium-thorium dating and dates obtained by radiocarbon dating. The former yield ages ranging between 120,000 and 98,000 years ago. The latter produce ages between 45,200 and 28,200 years ago. Radiocarbon dates of such old samples can easily suffer from contamination by modern carbon, creating spuriously young ages.[15] The uranium-thorium dates range between 96,740 ±5,560 and 125,990 ± 9,580 years ago. The exact lake level history is poorly known,[10] but between 115,000 and 100,000 years ago, the water was higher than 3,720 metres (12,200 ft).[8] Some lake level changes coincide with cold periods in the North Atlantic,[16] and the Ouki stage has been considered synchronous with marine isotope stage 5.[17] Alternatively, if radiocarbon dates of 44,609 ± 927 to 33,422 ± 1937 are attributed to Ouki, sediments in the Uyuni basin attributed to Lake Minchin would instead belong to Ouki.[18]

Context

Its formation may have been caused by an increase of precipitation,[19] and may be further associated with changes in the position of the ITCZ and La Nina-like conditions.[20] The increase of precipitation may have amounted to 50–100%.[21]

The Ouki lake cycle occurred during a major glaciation[22][20] that may also be recorded from moraine deposits in the southern Puna,[23] as well as at a time of low summer insolation in the southern hemisphere[16] but with a southward expansion of the South American monsoon.[24] Lake levels in Lake Huinaymarca, the southern basin of Lake Tauca, were low during the Ouki period.[25] Sediments in the Majes River valley indicate humid conditions during the Ouki period,[26] as do lake level records in the Atacama.[27] The humid period in Peru during the Ouki phase may be associated with several large landslides (such as the c. 40 cubic kilometres (9.6 cu mi) Chuquibamba landslide complex[28]) which have been identified there,[29] the accumulation of sediments in the Pativilca valley[30] and fluvial activity in the Lomas de Lachay in Peru.[31]

Controversy

The existence of this lake was questioned in 2011, based on the lack of evidence for such a lake in drill cores of Salar de Uyuni.[32] It is unknown whether the Poopó basin lake extended to the Uyuni/Coipasa basins as well.[5] The sill separating the Poopó and Uyuni/Coipasa basins may not have been breached until 80,000–60,000 years ago.[33] In 2013, it was suggested that the "L4" lacustrine stage, which has been identified in drill cores taken from Salar de Uyuni, may be the Ouki/Salinas lake phase.[34]

References
  1. Baker & Fritz 2015, p. 40.
  2. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 528.
  3. Luna, Lisa V.; Bookhagen, Bodo; Niedermann, Samuel; Rugel, Georg; Scharf, Andreas; Merchel, Silke (October 2018). "Glacial chronology and production rate cross-calibration of five cosmogenic nuclide and mineral systems from the southern Central Andean Plateau". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 500: 249. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.034. ISSN 0012-821X.
  4. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 240.
  5. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 242.
  6. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 103.
  7. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 520.
  8. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 523.
  9. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 233.
  10. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 521.
  11. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 236.
  12. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 239.
  13. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2011, p. 241.
  14. Placzek et al. 2006, p. 11.
  15. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 518.
  16. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 106.
  17. Zech et al. 2017, p. 712.
  18. Gosling et al. 2008, pp. 45–46.
  19. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2006, p. 530.
  20. Zech, Jana; Zech, Roland; Kubik, Peter W.; Veit, Heinz (December 2009). "Glacier and climate reconstruction at Tres Lagunas, NW Argentina, based on 10Be surface exposure dating and lake sediment analyses". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 284 (3–4): 187. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.09.023.
  21. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 104.
  22. Zech et al. 2017, p. 714.
  23. Luna, Lisa V.; Bookhagen, Bodo; Niedermann, Samuel; Rugel, Georg; Scharf, Andreas; Merchel, Silke (15 October 2018). "Glacial chronology and production rate cross-calibration of five cosmogenic nuclide and mineral systems from the southern Central Andean Plateau". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 500: 249. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2018.07.034. ISSN 0012-821X.
  24. Terrizzano, C.M.; García Morabito, E.; Christl, M.; Likerman, J.; Tobal, J.; Yamin, M.; Zech, R. (September 2017). "Climatic and Tectonic forcing on alluvial fans in the Southern Central Andes". Quaternary Science Reviews. 172: 139. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.08.002. ISSN 0277-3791.
  25. Gosling et al. 2008, p. 45.
  26. Steffen, Damian; Schlunegger, Fritz; Preusser, Frank (15 November 2009). "Late Pleistocene fans and terraces in the Majes valley, southern Peru, and their relation to climatic variations" (PDF). International Journal of Earth Sciences. 99 (8): 1975–1989. doi:10.1007/s00531-009-0489-2. S2CID 59381972.
  27. Sáez, Alberto; Cabrera, Lluís; Garcés, Miguel; Bogaard, Paul van den; Jensen, Arturo; Gimeno, Domingo (November 2012). "The stratigraphic record of changing hyperaridity in the Atacama desert over the last 10Ma". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 355–356: 36. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.08.029. hdl:2445/98248.
  28. Pánek, Tomáš (1 September 2019). "Landslides and Quaternary climate changes—The state of the art". Earth-Science Reviews. 196: 12. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.05.015. ISSN 0012-8252.
  29. Schildgen, Taylor F.; Robinson, Ruth A. J.; Savi, Sara; Phillips, William M.; Spencer, Joel Q. G.; Bookhagen, Bodo; Scherler, Dirk; Tofelde, Stefanie; Alonso, Ricardo N.; Kubik, Peter W.; Binnie, Steven A.; Strecker, Manfred R. (February 2016). "Landscape response to late Pleistocene climate change in NW Argentina: Sediment flux modulated by basin geometry and connectivity". Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 121 (2): 393. doi:10.1002/2015JF003607. hdl:2097/34092.
  30. Litty, Camille; Schlunegger, Fritz; Akçar, Naki; Delunel, Romain; Christl, Marcus; Vockenhuber, Christof (August 2018). "Chronology of alluvial terrace sediment accumulation and incision in the Pativilca Valley, western Peruvian Andes" (PDF). Geomorphology. 315: 55. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.05.005. ISSN 0169-555X.
  31. Kalicki, Tomasz; Kalicki, Piotr (15 May 2020). "Fluvial activity in the Lomas de Lachay during the upper Pleistocene and Holocene". Geomorphology. 357: 11. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107087. ISSN 0169-555X.
  32. Hanselman, Jennifer A.; Bush, Mark B.; Gosling, William D.; Collins, Aaron; Knox, Christopher; Baker, Paul A.; Fritz, Sheri C. (May 2011). "A 370,000-year record of vegetation and fire history around Lake Titicaca (Bolivia/Peru)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 305 (1–4): 202. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.03.002.
  33. Baker & Fritz 2015, p. 41.
  34. Placzek, Quade & Patchett 2013, p. 101.

Sources

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