Pagpag

After dirt and inedible substances are removed then pagpag can be eaten on site where it is found. It can also be processed further, most commonly by frying it in hot oil depending on the of the food.[9] Filipino politician and former actor Isko Moreno used to scavenge leftover food and calling it pagpag batsoy after frying it.[7] Small cottage industries have arisen around pagpag with impoverished people making a living scavenging, collecting, processing, and selling the processed pagpag to other financially challenged people.[4] A cook in a restaurant in Tondo, Manila prepares pagpag in traditional Filipino cooking, such as pagpag à la kaldereta or adobo, with the mixture of the leftover chicken from Jollibee and KFC as the main ingredient.[10]

Health risks include ingestion of poisons, toxins, and food-borne illnesses. The National Anti-Poverty Commission warns[11] against eating pagpag because of the threat of malnutrition and diseases such as Hepatitis A, typhoid, diarrhea, and cholera.[9] Despite these, a vendor of pagpag claims that no one has died eating the pagpag he sells.[12] Likewise, there are people who do not get sick out of eating pagpag due to overproduction of antibodies in their immune system,[9] although there have been children who became ill from consuming pagpag.[1]

Hunger has been linked to the spread of pagpag food and the food crisis in 2008 was said to be the cause in the rise of poverty in the Philippines.[13] The National Statistical Coordination Board recommended the administration of Philippine President Benigno Aquino III to reduce poverty.[13] Department of Social Welfare and Development Secretary Dinky Soliman said that the government has been addressing the issue and helping the poor through feeding programs and conditional cash transfers.[13] In 2015, a survey conducted by the Social Weather Stations revealed that incidence of hunger in the Philippines was reduced but the Trade Union Congress of the Philippines-Nagkaisa attributed the decrease of hunger to the rapid spreading of pagpag.[14]

Zero waste management is seen as a viable solution in stopping the proliferation of pagpag food.[6]

Extreme hunger in the Philippines that features pagpag has been covered in various television documentaries. In 2003, the episode entitled "Basurero" (garbage collector) of the documentary show I-Witness of GMA Network tells a story of poor people collecting leftovers from the trash of fast food restaurants.[8] In the said episode, those people who scavenged for food in trash are called magbabatchoy, which was derived from the word batchoy, a popular Filipino dish. As shown in ABS-CBN in 2006, Probe, another documentary show, features pagpag and mentions health risks of eating pagpag.[9]

After CNN reported about pagpag in 2012,[1] the reality about problems of hunger in the Philippines was brought to the world's attention.[13] The San Diego Tribune also featured an article about residents of Payatas preparing pagpag in celebration of Pope Francis's visit to the Philippines.[2] In February 2018, BBC News published a 3-minute long mini-documentary showing how pagpag is made, whereby the team followed a bag of meat from the rubbish dump to the dinner table.[15]

In common use, pagpag means the act of shaking off dust or dirt. Pagpag is also a Filipino term for a superstition saying one can never go directly to one's home after attending a funeral unless they have done the pagpag.[16] This practice is observed to avoid the following of the dead's soul to the home of the visitor of the wake.[17][18]