Palatine P 3.1

The German steam locomotives of Palatine Class P 3.1 were operated by the Palatinate Railway and were the first engines in Germany with a 4-4-2 (Atlantic) wheel arrangement. The two-cylinder saturated steam locomotives with inside cylinders had in addition to an inside bar frame a characteristic outer frame for the rear part of the locomotive, that partly covered the driving wheels. The valve gear was of the Joy type.

Palatine P 3.1 DRG Class 14.1
P 3.I No. 119 von Neuffer
Number(s)	Pfalz: 93, 119, 221–230 DRG: 14 101–105
Quantity	12
Manufacturer	Krauss
Year(s) of manufacture	1898–1904
Retired	1926
Wheel arrangement	4-4-2
Axle arrangement	2′B1′ n2, later n4v
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Length over buffers	19,070 mm (62 ft 6 3⁄4 in)
Service weight	59.6 t (58.7 long tons; 65.7 short tons)
Adhesive weight	30.0 t (29.5 long tons; 33.1 short tons)
Axle load	15.0 t (14.8 long tons; 16.5 short tons)
Top speed	100 km/h (62 mph)
Driving wheel diameter	1,980 mm (6 ft 6 in)
Leading wheel diameter	950 mm (3 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
Trailing wheel diameter	950 mm (3 ft 1 1⁄2 in)
No. of cylinders	2, later 4
Cylinder bore	490 mm (19 5⁄16 in)
Piston stroke	570 mm (22 7⁄16 in)
Boiler Overpressure	13 kgf/cm2 (1.27 MPa; 185 lbf/in2)
Grate area	2.81 m2 (30.2 sq ft)
Evaporative heating area	168.62 m2 (1,815.0 sq ft)
Tender	bay 3 T 16
Water capacity	16.0 m3 (3,500 imp gal; 4,200 US gal)

In 1898 and 1899 Krauss initially built eleven locomotives; in 1904 a twelfth followed that was equipped with a Pielock superheater. Although the P 3s met their intended performance criteria, they were soon overtaxed by increasingly long trains.

The Palatinate Railway decided therefore on an unusual conversion: in 1913 the two-cylinder engine was converted into a four-cylinder compound engine by the addition of two outside cylinders, the inner ones becoming the high-pressure cylinders. However they did not achieve the higher performance required, just a lower fuel consumption of around 15%.

The Deutsche Reichsbahn took over five of these locomotives as DRG Class 14.1 with numbers 14 101 to 14 105, but by 1926 they were retired from service. Also grouped into Class 14.1 were the Bavarian S 2/5s.

The locomotives were equipped with tenders of the Bavarian Class 3 T 16.