Patrol torpedo boat PT-59

PT-59 was first assigned to Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Four, the training squadron based at Melville, Rhode Island.[1] On 9 April 1942, it accidentally fired a torpedo which hit the supply ship USS Capella, causing eight injuries, but no deaths.[3]

It was transferred to Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Two on 7 May 1942.[1] At the end of May 1942, Ensign David M. Levy took over PT-59 and the Squadron was sent to Panama to guard the Panama Canal and the Central and South American coast on anti-submarine duty. In October 1942 PT-59 departed for the South Pacific on board the Liberty ship SS Roger Williams. In November 1942 PT-59 arrived at the Solomon Islands with MTB Squadron 2, numbering 8 boats. The Squadron was based at Sesapi on Tulagi Island.[3]

On the night of 9 December, Lt. (jg.) John M. Searles USNR, in the 59, patrolling with PT-44 at Kamimbo Bay, sighted an enemy barge. As the PT's opened fire on the barge, Searles saw a surfaced submarine. He quickly fired two torpedoes, one of which hit amidships. A geyser of water spouted high in the air, followed by tremendous explosions and a huge oil slick that spread for an hour and a half. It has been confirmed that Searles sank the submarine I-3, a vessel 320 feet (97.5 m) long, of 1,955 tons standard surface displacement.[3]

In March 1943 PT-59 was moved forward to the Russell Islands. In the fall of 1943, David M. Levy returned to the United States and was succeeded by LTJG John F. "Jack" Kennedy as commanding officer of PT-59.

In September 1943, Kennedy took command of PT-59.[4] Though he had earned the right by Navy custom to be returned to the States, he chose to stay and fight in the Pacific Theater (PTO) after his second command, PT-109, was rammed and sunk by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri on the early morning of 2 August 1943.[5] At 74 feet, the PT-59 was six feet shorter than the PT-109, but it would soon bristle with far more and heavier guns and armament, which required a larger crew to operate.[5]

• John F. Kennedy, Lieutenant, Commanding Officer (Boston, Massachusetts).
• Robert Lee "Dusty" Rhoads, Lieutenant JG, Executive Officer, helped test armor of PT gunboat
• I.J. Mitchell, Ensign, Gunnery Officer, former skipper of PT-21 that had been lost running aground on a coral reef
• Glen Christiansen, Chief Gunner's Mate, formerly sunk at Pearl Harbor[6]
• John E. Maguire, Radioman 2/c (RM2), previously sunk on PT-109, (Dobbs Ferry, New York).
• Edman Edgar Mauer, Quartermaster 3/c (QM3), previously sunk on PT-109, (St. Louis, Missouri).
• Edmund Drewich, had crewed on the 109, but not on the night it was lost
• John Klee, Gunner's Mate, who crewed on the 59 in November, and was likely present at the rescue at Choiseul[7]
• Maurice Kowal, had crewed on the 109, but not on the night it was lost. He was later appointed to a National Park Service job by Kennedy as President.[8]
• Leon Drawdy, had crewed on the 109, but not on the night it was lost
• Five additional crew were assigned by Lieutenant Alvin Cluster, from the lost and scrapped PT-21[9]

PT-59 gunboat, note the heavy 40 mm gun (at left end of boat), tall radar mast (near center), elevated twin 50 cal (center, below flag), three shields for 50 cals (from center to front), and smoke generator (extreme left)

On Tulagi Island, under Kennedy's supervision and with his help, PT-59 had all four of her torpedo tubes removed, as well as her two depth charges, and was converted into a more powerful gunboat. She retained two heavy 40-millimeter Bofors cannon anti-aircraft guns now fitted fore and aft. The refit also added six .50-caliber machine gun nests, with three on each side, behind shields. Shielded twin fifty caliber machine guns were placed behind and on each side of the cockpit elevated on circular mounts, and by some accounts, 2 additional thirty caliber machine guns forward of the cockpit in the front of the boat on each side. The higher caliber guns were added to increase range and power and to make the 59 more effective against both Japanese barge traffic, which had powerful guns, and heavy caliber Japanese land and shore based garrisons. Admiral William Halsey, and other high ranking Naval officers, had concluded that the torpedo tubes and Bliss–Leavitt Mark 8 torpedoes assigned the old PT's, were highly unreliable, inaccurate, and the torpedoes very rarely hit their mark against larger craft, particularly Japanese destroyers and cruisers. The new PT gunboat was given slightly higher quality radar, and a taller radar mast that could, in theory, boost reception and transmission to 75 miles (121 km).[10] Kennedy lived on the boat during its refit, and worked extremely hard according to Lieutenant Alvin Cluster, who admitted "I never saw a guy work harder, longer hours". Kennedy's gunboat, sometimes referred to as PT-0001 was the first completed, and it carefully followed the design and planning of both Kennedy and squadron commander Cluster.[11] Another PT gunboat was given to Lenny Thom, who helped in the refit, and later commanded. Thom had been Kennedy's former executive officer on PT-109.[2]

PT-59's cramped engine room

Both sides of PT-59's highly flammable 3000 gallon gas tanks, housed below decks and immediately behind the cockpit,[12] and the boat’s gunwales were reinforced with armor plate to protect them from return fire. Kennedy was aware that the PT's wooden hulls without armor plating could not withstand even a single bullet or bomb fragment, and that the tiniest shard of hot metal could ignite the gas tanks, instantly destroying the boat and crew.[4] The 59's crew set up some of the armor for live fire tests and found they could be breached at short range with .30 and .50-caliber machine guns at a frontal angle.[13] On 7 October 1943, the five week redesign of PT-59 was completed, and on the following day Kennedy was promoted to full lieutenant. A total of five former crewmen of PT-109 joined Kennedy's crew on PT-59.[14]

Kennedy's new executive officer was Lt. (jg) Robert Lee "Dusty" Rhoads. Rhoads later stated he was impressed that so many men from PT-109 followed Kennedy over to his new command. Kennedy's loss of the 109 was not viewed as a shortcoming by his crew, many of whom had been on other craft that had sunk or been run aground.[14] Two other gunboats were completed, in addition to the 59. The plan was to attach one of the three new gunboats to each PT boat section to add firepower and range, though the extra armor and guns reduced the speed of the gunboats.[15]

Lt. Col. Krulak, Operation Blissful

Operation Blissful was a diversionary raid on Choiseul Island by Marine forces led by Lt. Col. Victor H. Krulak, on 28 October 1943. It was hoped that the raid would convince the Japanese that they needed to send more troops to Choiseul from Bougainville—the Allies' real objective because of its airfields.[16] Some of Krulak's Marines were trapped in early November near the base of Choiseul's Warrior River requiring the assistance of PTs.

On 18 October 1943, as American Marine paratroopers first landed on Choiseul Island as a diversionary tactic, PT-59 and crew were ordered to move northwest from their base on Tulagi, to Lambu Lambu Cove, on Vella Lavella Island, a new advanced PT boat base. Over the next month, Kennedy's PT-59 gunboat took part in thirteen patrols initially expected to discourage Japanese barge traffic in the north of Choiseul Island. Kennedy described his month on patrol with the PT-59 as "packed with a great deal in the way of death".[17] Constantly tracked by aircraft, Kennedy's refitted PT-59 gunboat escaped from bombs dropped by Japanese floatplanes on 26 October, though one bomb landed only 150 yards away.[18][19]

Map of Choiseul raid and rescue, Warrior River in the North near Redman Island, Voza southeast, and Krulak's attack at bottom

On the evening of 1 November 1943, Kennedy was asked by Lt. Arthur Berndsten, the temporary base commander at Lambu Lambu, on the northeast side of Vella Lavella Island, if he would take PT-59 to support a rescue operation around 65 miles (105 km) north near the base of Choiseul Island's Warrior River. Berndsten had been contacted by Krulak, the leader of Operation Blissful, who had requested rescue for his trapped Marines. Berndsten had formerly skippered PT-171 when it helped in the rescue of Kennedy and his 109 crew the previous August.

PT-59 (front view) was low on gas at the Choiseul rescue, in view are a 40 mm Bofors, and twin .50 Brownings

Choiseul Island was a very new Allied target, made as the Navy and Marines pushed farther northwest to territories in the Solomon's formerly held by the Japanese. With time of the essence, Kennedy was not allowed to fully re-fuel his boat. Berndsten knew Kennedy did not have enough fuel to make the trip there and back with his gas tanks less than a third full, around seven hundred gallons, so he sent two additional PT's to accompany him and provide support if necessary.[20] Completing their Northbound route to Choiseul, PT-59 first arrived near the shore of the Marine outpost at Voza Village and picked up Kennedy's friend from Rendova, Lieutenant Richard Keresey and Lt. Col. Victor Krulak, leader of operation Blissful, who acted as guides. Both officers were picked up from a landing craft near the shore. Motoring around 25 miles (40 km) further northwest, and following Choiseul's coastline, the 59 arrived in the rain and darkness at the base of the Warrior River around 6:00 p.m. on 1 November, and helped personnel landing craft evacuate 40 to 50 Marines from a company led by Marine Major Warren T. Bigger.

PT-59 Officer's Quarters where Corporal Schnell and Kennedy bunked in 1943

Several Marines were wounded, and came from the 2nd Parachute Battalion of the 1st Marine Parachute Regiment that had been lost in the jungle and trapped by Japanese shore fire during the recent raid on Choiseul Island, still in progress. The trapped Marines originally numbered around 87, and had opposed as many as 900 Japanese during the height of the fighting.[21] Kennedy was reluctant to have his gunners fire on the shoreline, afraid of hitting one of the Marines hoping to evacuate. The 59 acted as a shield, positioning itself between the Japanese shore battery and both the escaping Marines in the water, and one landing craft containing Marines, 250 yards from shore, that had been damaged after running aground on the coral reef. PT-59 took aboard ten Marines near the crippled craft and fed them canned peaches, the first meal they had had in days. Three Marines were wounded, including a mortally wounded Corporal Schnell who died in Kennedy's bunk that night, attended by his Marine doctor, who Kennedy had also picked up.[22]

One of PT-59's large 40 mm

Kennedy's PT may have slowly departed the rescue site by the Warrior River, as she held the extra weight of ten Marines. Several of the Marines that were not wounded held on to gun mounts to steady themselves as the 59 departed. The two PT's, including Kennedy's, then escorted the slow-moving landing craft they had shielded from fire back to Voza, and when it was clear they would safely reach their destination, they left the landing craft and returned to their base at Lambu Lambu.

With their speed and maneuverability, the mission demonstrated the PTs' suitability for search and rescue operations, their greatest strength throughout the war.[23][24] Around 3:00 a.m. on 2 November, PT-59 ran out of gas about halfway back to Lambu Lambu and had to be towed by PT-236.[25] Both PTs were vulnerable to Japanese airstrikes during the slow towing process, and Kennedy called for air support. To Kennedy's dismay, all of the 4-6 Australian P-40's that responded to provide cover were eventually shot down.[26]

On the evening of 3 November, Kennedy's 59 gunboat and four other craft motored around 45 miles (72 km) from Lambu Lambu back to the Marine base at Voza Village and screened and escorted several landing craft that carried additional Marines back to Vella Lavella Island.[27] Kennedy's 59 and several other PT's arrived in darkness at Voza around 11:30 p.m. and interspersed themselves around the landing craft waiting to pick up the Marines. The Japanese were stationed near the shore, and began setting off booby traps. By around 1:50 a.m., the Marines began boarding the landing craft, having been ordered to withdraw by Lt. Col. Krulak, who was concerned the Japanese might begin to mortar his troops. When the Marines had fully boarded the landing crafts, the 59 and other PT's escorted them around 45 miles (72 km) back to Vella Lavella island.[28]

Operation Blissfull's diversionary raid on Choiseul was, for the most part, a success. The Japanese sent reinforcements to Choiseul, delaying reaction to the Allied Bougainville landing. The Choiseul operation destroyed several hundred tons of enemy fuel and supplies, sank two barges, and destroyed the barge station at Sangigai,Choiseul, disrupting Japanese barge traffic along the coast of Choiseul.

Choiseul, Vella Lavella Islands near 9/25/1943 line

At 5:30 a.m on 5 November, PT-59, accompanied by two other PT's, destroyed three Japanese barges they found beached on Moli Island on the Northeast coast of Choiseul Island, near the base of the Warrior River. Though the barges were believed to be unmanned, they would likely never return to duty.[29] Attacking manned barges required the superior use of firepower, and then a quick retreat, and were usually brief, but important actions as barges could ferry both troops and supplies.

On the night of 11 November, Kennedy's 59 gunners fired at two Japanese armored barges emerging from the Warrior River on Choiseul, but they quickly fled. Barge traffic in the vicinity had begun to diminish slightly by this period in the Solomon campaign as thousands of exhausted Japanese troops on Choiseul began to hope for evacuation northwest to Bouganville Island.[30][31]

Japanese troop strength on Choiseul. Note Vella Lavella Island below, Voza near center, above the word Choiseul, and Moli I. above Voza

On 13 November, PT-59 had success shelling Sipassa and Guppy Island at the mouth of Choiseul Bay, only 2–3 miles northwest of the Warrior River, shown in map at right. According to Christiansen, the 59 then saw the flash of a muzzle farther back on the high bluffs of the Warrior River on northern Choiseul Island during return fire, and pinpointed heavy automatic fire at the flash, likely knocking out the shore battery. Flushed with his successes, Kennedy, developed a plan for a daylight raid up the Choiseul's Warrior River, shown in the raid on Choiseul map, above. The concept of a daylight raid was rejected by both his Chief Petty Officer, Christiansen, and his senior squadron commander, Lieutenant Alvin Cluster, who considered the plan risky to the extreme. Though the Warrior River acted as a base of operations for many of their barges, it was fortified by large numbers of Japanese shore batteries, and would have been a deadly mission in daylight.[27] As evidenced by his plan for a daylight raid, many of the 59's crew were concerned that Kennedy volunteered for the riskiest missions and constantly sought out danger, but they were usually willing participants.[32]

Cluster gave Kennedy a perfect 4.0 for his leadership as PT-59's commanding officer, writing that Kennedy "demonstrated a cool effectiveness under fire and exhibited good judgement and determination in entirely strange conditions."[33] With Kennedy suffering from a host of ailments, Cluster relieved him of command on 18 November, after a routine patrol off Redman Island in Choiseul Bay. Kennedy had lost twenty pounds in the three previous months and had put back little of the weight, weighing only around 145 pounds at six feet of height. In Lambu Lambu's hospital, Dr. Wharton, concerned about Jack's worsening back problems and continued weight loss, diagnosed "chronic disk disease" and colitis, and passed the news to Cluster who worked to get Kennedy back to the states.[34] First sent to Tulagi for medical care and diagnosis, Kennedy was sent home to the States on 23 December 1943, aboard the USS Breton, and arrived in San Francisco on 7 January. He obtained a Navy desk job at the Submarine Chaser Training Center in Miami in March, was back in the hospital by May, and was finally given an honorable discharge in December 1944. After working as a journalist, he would begin his run for the House of Representatives in 1946, using his war time experience as a major feature of his candidacy.[35]

PT-59 remained in the Solomons until August 1944, when she and five other 77-ft Elco PT boats, including PT-36 and PT-47 were transported back to the Motor Torpedo Boat Squadrons Training Center at Melville, Rhode Island. It is safe to assume repairs were performed on the boat by the MTB Base Repair Training Unit. PT-59 was redesignated as a "Small Boat" and renumbered C102583 on 14 October 1944, and along with ex-PT-47, used briefly as a crash rescue boat at NAS Norfolk, before being transferred to the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 15 December 1944 to serve as a test subject for dehydration tests. Surveyed on 21 March 1947, she was then stricken and sold.

• Bradsher, Greg (2010). "Operation Blissful". Prologue Magazine, Fall 2010.
• Donovan, Robert J. (2001) [1961]. PT-109: John F. Kennedy in WW II (40th Anniversary ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-137643-3.
• Doyle, William (2015). PT-109: An American Epic of War, Survival, and the Destiny of John F. Kennedy. New York City: Harper-Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-234658-2.
• Fleming, Thomas (Spring 2011). "War of Revenge". MHQ, The Quarterly Journal of Military History.
• Hamilton, Nigel (1992). JFK, Reckless Youth. New York, NY: Random House. ISBN 0-679-41216-6.
• Rottman, Gordon L. US Patrol Torpedo Boats, New Vanguard 148, Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2008, ISBN 978-1-84603-227-1