Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

Jacqueline Lee "Jackie" Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier /ˈbvi/ BOO-vee-ay; July 28, 1929  May 19, 1994) was an American socialite, writer, and photographer who became First Lady of the United States as the wife of President John F. Kennedy. Her popularity as First Lady was due to her devotion to historical preservation of the White House, her fashion sense, and her devotion to her children, which endeared her to the American public. During her lifetime, Jackie was regarded as an international fashion icon.[1] Her ensemble of a pink Chanel suit and matching pillbox hat that she wore in Dallas, Texas, when the president was assassinated on November 22, 1963, has become a symbol of her husband's death.[2]

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Jackie in the Diplomatic Reception Room, December 1961
First Lady of the United States
In role
January 20, 1961  November 22, 1963
PresidentJohn F. Kennedy
Preceded byMamie Eisenhower
Succeeded byLady Bird Johnson
Personal details
Born
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier

(1929-07-28)July 28, 1929
Southampton, New York, U.S.
DiedMay 19, 1994(1994-05-19) (aged 64)
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Cause of deathNon-Hodgkin lymphoma
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)
(m. 1953; died 1963)

(m. 1968; died 1975)
Domestic partnerMaurice Tempelsman (1980–1994)
Children
Parents
Relatives
EducationVassar College
George Washington University (BA)
Occupation
  • Socialite
  • Writer
  • Photographer
ProfessionBook editor
Other namesJacqueline Kennedy
Jacqueline Onassis
Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis
Signature
Nickname(s)Jackie

Jackie was born in 1929 in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and his wife, Janet Lee Bouvier. In 1951, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in French literature from George Washington University and worked for the Washington Times-Herald as an inquiring photographer.[3] The following year, she met then-Congressman John Kennedy at a dinner party in Washington. He was elected to the Senate that same year, and the couple married on September 12, 1953, in Newport, Rhode Island. They had four children, two of whom died in infancy. Following her husband's election to the presidency in 1960, Jackie was known for her highly publicized restoration of the White House and emphasis on arts and culture, as well as for her style.[4][5] At age 31, she was the third-youngest First Lady of the United States when her husband was inaugurated president.

After the assassination and funeral of her husband, Jackie and her children largely withdrew from public view. In 1968, she left her children in the United States and married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis, which replaced her popular image with one of materialism. Following Onassis's death in 1975, she had a career as a book editor in New York City, first at Viking Press and then at Doubleday, and worked to restore her popular image. Even after her death, she ranks as one of the most popular and recognizable first ladies in American history, and in 1999, she was listed as one of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of the 20th century.[6] She was buried at Arlington National Cemetery alongside President Kennedy.[7]

Early life (1929–1951)

Family and childhood

Jackie was born on July 28, 1929, at Stony Brook Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III and socialite Janet Norton Lee.[8] Jackie's mother was of Irish descent,[9] and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry.[10][lower-alpha 1] Named after her father, Jackie was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan; she was raised in the Roman Catholic faith.[13] Jackie's younger sister, Caroline Lee, was born four years later on March 3, 1933.[14]

Jackie spent her early childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata, the Bouviers' country estate in East Hampton on Long Island.[15] She looked up to her father, who likewise favored her over her sister, calling his elder child "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had".[16] Biographer, Tina Santi Flaherty, referred to Jackie's early confidence in herself, seeing a link to her father's praise and positive attitude to her, and her sister Lee Radziwill stated that she would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it not been for the relationship she had with their father and paternal grandfather, John Vernou Bouvier Jr.[17][18] From an early age, Jackie was an enthusiastic equestrienne who successfully competed in the sport; horse-riding would remain a lifelong passion.[17][19] She took ballet lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning languages. Jackie could speak English, French, Spanish, and Italian.[20] French was particularly emphasized in her upbringing.[21]

Six-year-old Jackie in 1935

In 1935, Jackie was enrolled in Manhattan's Chapin School, which she attended for Grades 1–7.[19][22] She was a bright student but often misbehaved; one of her teachers described her as "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil".[23] Jackie's mother attributed her daughter's behavior to the way that she finished her assignments ahead of classmates and then acted out in boredom.[24] Her behavior improved after the headmistress warned her that none of her positive qualities would matter if she did not behave.[24]

The marriage of Jackie's parents was strained by her father's alcoholism and extramarital affairs; the family had also struggled with financial difficulties following the Wall Street Crash of 1929.[15][25] They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later, with the press publishing intimate details of the split.[26] According to her cousin John H. Davis, Jackie was deeply affected by the divorce and subsequently had a "tendency to withdraw frequently into a private world of her own."[15] When her mother married Standard Oil heir Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr., Jackie and her sister did not attend the ceremony, because it was arranged quickly and travel was restricted due to World War II.[27] Jackie gained three step-siblings from Auchincloss' two previous marriages, Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and Nina Gore Auchincloss; she formed the closest bond with Yusha, who became one of her most trusted confidants.[27] The marriage later produced two more children, Janet Jennings Auchincloss in 1945 and James Lee Auchincloss in 1947.

After the remarriage, Auchincloss' Merrywood estate in McLean, Virginia, became the Bouvier sisters' primary residence, although they also spent time at his other estate, Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island, and in their father's homes in New York City and Long Island.[15][28] Although she retained a relationship with her father, Jackie also regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure.[15] He gave her a stable environment and the pampered childhood she never would have experienced otherwise.[29] While Jackie adjusted to her mother's remarriage, she sometimes felt like an outsider in the WASP social circle of the Auchinclosses, attributing the feeling to her being Catholic as well as being a child of divorce, which was not common in that social group at that time.[30]

After seven years at Chapin, Jackie attended the Holton-Arms School in Northwest Washington, D.C. from 1942 to 1944, and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, from 1944 to 1947.[9] She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school that allowed her to distance herself from the Auchinclosses, and because the school placed an emphasis on college preparatory classes.[31] In her senior class yearbook, Jackie was acknowledged for "her wit, her accomplishment as a horsewoman, and her unwillingness to become a housewife". Jackie later hired her childhood friend Nancy Tuckerman to be her Social Secretary at the White House.[32] She graduated among the top students of her class and received the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature.[33]

College and early career

In the fall of 1947, Jackie entered Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, at that time a women's institution.[34] She had wanted to attend Sarah Lawrence College, closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she choose the more isolated Vassar.[35] Jackie was an accomplished student who participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for its newspaper.[15][36] Due to her dislike of Vassar's location in Poughkeepsie, she did not take an active part in its social life and instead traveled back to Manhattan for the weekends.[37] She had made her debut to high society in the summer before entering college and became a frequent presence in New York social functions. Hearst columnist Igor Cassini dubbed her the "debutante of the year".[38] Jackie spent her junior year (1949–1950) in France—at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble, and at the Sorbonne in Paris—in a study-abroad program through Smith College.[39] Upon returning home, she transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951.[40] During the early years of her marriage to John F. Kennedy, she took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.[40]

While attending George Washington, Jackie won a twelve-month junior editorship at Vogue magazine; she had been selected over several hundred other women nationwide.[41] The position entailed working for six months in the magazine's New York City office and spending the remaining six months in Paris.[41] Before beginning the job, Jackie celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by traveling with her to Europe for the summer.[41] The trip was the subject of her only autobiography, One Special Summer, co-authored with Lee; it is also the only one of her published works to feature Jackie's drawings.[42] On her first day at Vogue, the managing editor advised her to quit and go back to Washington. According to biographer Barbara Leaming, the editor was concerned about Jackie's marriage prospects; she was 22 years of age and was considered too old to be single in her social circles. Jackie followed the advice, left the job and returned to Washington after only one day of work.[41]

Jackie moved back to Merrywood and was referred by a family friend to the Washington Times-Herald, where editor Frank Waldrop hired her as a part-time receptionist.[43] A week later she requested more challenging work, and Waldrop sent her to city editor Sidney Epstein, who hired her as an "Inquiring Camera Girl" despite her inexperience, paying her $25 a week.[44] He recalled, "I remember her as this very attractive, cute-as-hell girl, and all the guys in the newsroom giving her a good look."[45] The position required her to pose witty questions to individuals chosen at random on the street and take their pictures for publication in the newspaper alongside selected quotations from their responses.[15] In addition to the random "man on the street" vignettes, she sometimes sought interviews with people of interest, such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon. Jackie interviewed Tricia a few days after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency in the 1952 election.[46] During this time, Jackie was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted. After only a month of dating, the couple published the announcement in The New York Times in January 1952.[47] After three months, Jackie called off the engagement because she had found him "immature and boring" once she got to know him better.[48][49]

Marriage to John F. Kennedy

Jackie in Hammersmith Farm of Newport, Rhode Island, on her wedding day, September 12, 1953

Jackie and U.S. Representative John F. Kennedy belonged to the same social circle and were formally introduced by a mutual friend, journalist Charles L. Bartlett, at a dinner party in May 1952.[15] She was attracted to Kennedy's physical appearance, wit and wealth. The pair also shared the similarities of Catholicism, writing, enjoying reading and having previously lived abroad.[50] Kennedy was busy running for the U.S. Senate seat in Massachusetts; the relationship grew more serious and he proposed to her after the November election. Jackie took some time to accept, because she had been assigned to cover the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald.[51] After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. She then resigned from her position at the newspaper.[52] Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953.[53][54]

Jackie and Kennedy married on September 12, 1953, at St. Mary's Church in Newport, Rhode Island, in a mass celebrated by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing.[55] The wedding was considered the social event of the season with an estimated 700 guests at the ceremony and 1,200 at the reception that followed at Hammersmith Farm.[56] The wedding dress was designed by Ann Lowe of New York City, and is now housed in the Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts. The dresses of her attendants were also created by Lowe, who was not credited by Jackie.[57]

Jackie with her husband, after his spinal surgery, December 1954

The newlyweds honeymooned in Acapulco, Mexico, before settling in their new home, Hickory Hill in McLean, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D.C.[58] Jackie developed a warm relationship with her in-laws, Joseph and Rose Kennedy.[59][60][61] In the early years of their marriage, the couple faced several personal setbacks. John suffered from Addison's disease and from chronic and at times debilitating back pain, which had been exacerbated by a war injury; in late 1954, he underwent a near-fatal spinal operation.[62] Additionally, Jackie suffered a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella.[63][64] They subsequently sold their Hickory Hill estate to John's brother Robert, who occupied it with his wife Ethel and their growing family, and bought a townhouse on N Street in Georgetown.[9] Jackie and her husband also resided at an apartment at 122 Bowdoin Street in Boston, their permanent Massachusetts residence during his congressional career.[65][66]

Senator John F. Kennedy and Jackie on their wedding day, September 12, 1953

Jackie gave birth to daughter Caroline on November 27, 1957.[63] At the time, she and John were campaigning for his re-election to the Senate, and they posed with their infant daughter for the cover of the April 21, 1958 issue of Life magazine.[67][lower-alpha 2] They traveled together during the campaign, trying to narrow the geographical gap between them that had persisted for the first five years of the marriage. Soon enough, John Kennedy started to notice the value that his wife added to his congressional campaign. Kenneth O'Donnell remembered that "the size of the crowd was twice as big" when she accompanied her husband; he also recalled her as "always cheerful and obliging". John's mother Rose observed Jackie as not being "a natural-born campaigner" due to her shyness and being uncomfortable with too much attention.[69] In November 1958, John Kennedy was reelected to a second term. He credited Jackie's visibility in both ads and stumping as vital assets in securing his victory, and he called her "simply invaluable".[70][71]

In July 1959, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger visited the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port and had his first conversation with Jackie; he found her to have "tremendous awareness, an all-seeing eye and a ruthless judgment".[72] That year, Jack Kennedy traveled to 14 states, with Jackie taking long breaks from the trips so she could spend time with their daughter Caroline. She also counseled her husband on improving his wardrobe in preparation for his intended presidential campaign the following year.[73] In particular, she traveled to Louisiana to visit Edmund Reggie and to help her husband garner support in the state for his presidential bid.[74]

First Lady of the United States (1961–1963)

Campaign for presidency

Jacqueline with her husband as he campaigns for the presidency in Appleton, Wisconsin, March 1960

On January 3, 1960, John F. Kennedy was a United States Senator from Massachusetts when he announced his candidacy for the presidency and launched his campaign nationwide. In the early months of the election year, Jackie accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners.[75] Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided to stay at home in Georgetown.[76][77] Jackie subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, Campaign Wife, answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media.[23]

Despite her non-participation in the campaign, Jackie became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices.[78] On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured in women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one of the 12 best-dressed women in the world.[79] On the other hand, her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press.[79] In order to downplay her wealthy background, Jackie stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices.[79]

On July 13 at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, the party nominated John F. Kennedy for President of the United States. Jackie did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier.[80] She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26, 1960 debate—which was the nation's first televised presidential debate—between her husband and Republican candidate Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president. Marian Cannon, the wife of Arthur Schlesinger, watched the debate with her. Days after the debates, Jackie contacted Schlesinger and informed him that John wanted his aid along with that of John Kenneth Galbraith in preparing for the third debate on October 13; she wished for them to give her husband new ideas and speeches.[81] On September 29, 1960, the Kennedys appeared together for a joint interview on Person to Person, interviewed by Charles Collingwood.[80]

As first lady

Jackie, President John F. Kennedy, André Malraux, Marie-Madeleine Lioux Malraux, Lyndon B. Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson prior to a dinner, May 1962. The First Lady is wearing a gown designed by Oleg Cassini[82]
Jackie and her husband during the visit of Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba and his spouse to the US, May 1961

On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon in the U.S. presidential election.[23] A little over two weeks later on November 25, Jackie gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy, Jr.[23] She spent two weeks recuperating in the hospital, during which the most minute details of both her and her son's conditions were reported by the media in what has been considered the first instance of national interest in the Kennedy family.[83]

Her husband was sworn in as president on January 20, 1961.[23] Jackie insisted they also kept a family home away from the public eye and rented Glen Ora at Middleburg.[84] As a presidential couple, the Kennedys differed from the Eisenhowers by their political affiliation, youth, and their relationship with the media. Historian Gil Troy has noted that in particular, they "emphasized vague appearances rather than specific accomplishments or passionate commitments" and therefore fit in well in the early 1960s' "cool, TV-oriented culture".[85] The discussion about Jackie's fashion choices continued during her years in the White House, and she became a trendsetter, hiring American designer Oleg Cassini to design her wardrobe.[86] She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed.[87][88] The media portrayed Jackie as the ideal woman, which led academic Maurine Beasley to observe that she "created an unrealistic media expectation for first ladies that would challenge her successors".[88] Nevertheless, the First Lady attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies.[89]

Although Jackie stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history.[90][91] The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts.[90][91] One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, established during Johnson's tenure.[91]

White House restoration

Jackie with Charles Collingwood during their televised tour of the restored White House in 1962

Jackie had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady Mamie Eisenhower shortly before her husband's inauguration.[90] She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance[90] and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character. On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator Sister Parish. She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert Henry du Pont.[90] To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration.[90] Working with Rachel Lambert Mellon, Jackie also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the Rose Garden and the East Garden, which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband's assassination. In addition, Jackie helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history.[90]

John and Jackie at Christmas 1961

Prior to Jackie's years as first lady, presidents and their families had taken furnishings and other items from the White House when they departed; this led to the lack of original historical pieces in the mansion. She personally wrote to possible donors in order to track down these missing furnishings and other historical pieces of interest.[92] Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own. She also founded the White House Historical Association, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the position of a permanent Curator of the White House, the White House Endowment Trust, and the White House Acquisition Trust.[93] She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator.[87]

On February 14, 1962, Jackie, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of CBS News, took American television viewers on a tour of the White House. In the tour, she stated that "I feel so strongly that the White House should have as fine a collection of American pictures as possible. It's so important ... the setting in which the presidency is presented to the world, to foreign visitors. The American people should be proud of it. We have such a great civilization. So many foreigners don't realize it. I think this house should be the place we see them best."[93] The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States,[90] and was later distributed to 106 countries. Jackie won a special Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Trustees Award for it at the Emmy Awards in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by Lady Bird Johnson. Jackie was the only first lady to win an Emmy.[87]

Foreign trips

Jackie and President Kennedy during their visit to Mexico, June 1962
Jackie at the Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, March 1962

Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding First Ladies, Jackie made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the President.[40] Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries.[85] Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with the First Lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history.[94] At the conclusion of the visit, Time magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked, "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris – and I have enjoyed it!"[95][96]

From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first."[97] Khrushchev later sent her a puppy; the animal was significant for being the offspring of Strelka, the dog that had gone to space during a Soviet space mission.[98]

At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith, Jackie undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The President of Pakistan, Ayub Khan, had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the First Lady had a common interest in horses.[99] Life magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Jackie "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries.[100] In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including Afghanistan, Austria, Canada,[101] Colombia, United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Mexico,[102] Morocco, Turkey, and Venezuela.[40] Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences.[103]

Death of infant son

In early 1963, Jackie was again pregnant, which led her to curtail her official duties. She spent most of the summer at a home she and the President had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. On August 7 (five weeks ahead of her scheduled due date), she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, via emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base. The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston Children's Hospital, where he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth.[104][105] Jacqueline had remained at Otis Air Force Base to recuperate after the Caesarean delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House.[106]

The First Lady was deeply affected by Patrick's death[107] and proceeded to enter a state of depression.[108] However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief.[107] Arthur Schlesinger wrote that while President Kennedy always "regarded Jackie with genuine affection and pride," their marriage "never seemed more solid than in the later months of 1963".[109] Jackie's friend Aristotle Onassis was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". The trip was widely disapproved of within the Kennedy administration, by much of the general public, and in Congress. The First Lady returned to the United States on October 17, 1963. She would later say she regretted being away as long as she was but had been "melancholy after the death of my baby".[108]

Assassination and funeral of John F. Kennedy

The President and First Lady in the rear seat of the Presidential limousine minutes before the assassination

On November 21, 1963, the First Lady and the President embarked on a political trip to Texas with several goals in mind; this was the first time that she had joined her husband on such a trip in the U.S.[110] After a breakfast on November 22, they took a very short flight on Air Force One from Fort Worth's Carswell Air Force Base to Dallas' Love Field, accompanied by Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie.[111] The First Lady was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat,[1][2] which had been personally selected by President Kennedy.[112] A 9.5-mile (15.3 km) motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart, where the president was scheduled to speak at a lunch. The First Lady was seated to her husband's left in the third row of seats in the presidential limousine, with the Governor and his wife seated in front of them. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife followed in another car in the motorcade.

After the motorcade turned the corner onto Elm Street in Dealey Plaza, the First Lady heard what she thought to be a motorcycle backfiring and did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. Within 8.4 seconds, two more shots had rung out, and one of the shots struck her husband in the head. Almost immediately, she began to climb onto the back of the limousine; Secret Service agent Clint Hill later told the Warren Commission that he thought she had been reaching across the trunk for a piece of her husband's skull that had been blown off.[113] Hill ran to the car and leapt onto it, directing her back to her seat. As Hill stood on the back bumper, Associated Press photographer Ike Altgens snapped a photograph that was featured on the front pages of newspapers around the world.[114] She would later testify that she saw pictures "of me climbing out the back. But I don't remember that at all".[115]

Jackie, still wearing her blood-stained pink Chanel suit, stands alongside Lyndon B. Johnson as he takes the Presidential oath of office administered by Sarah Hughes aboard Air Force One

The President was rushed for the 3.8 mile trip to Parkland Hospital. At the First Lady's request, she was allowed to be present in the operating room.[116] President Kennedy never regained consciousness. He died not long after, aged 46. After Jackie's husband was pronounced dead, she refused to remove her blood-stained clothing and reportedly regretted having washed the blood off her face and hands, explaining to Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack".[117] She continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she boarded Air Force One and stood next to Johnson when he took the oath of office as president. The unlaundered suit was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964 and, under the terms of an agreement with her daughter Caroline, will not be placed on public display until 2103.[118] Johnson's biographer Robert Caro wrote that Johnson wanted Jackie to be present at his swearing-in in order to demonstrate the legitimacy of his presidency to JFK loyalists and to the world at large.[119]

Family members depart the U.S. Capitol after a lying-in-state service for the President, November 24, 1963

Jackie took an active role in planning her husband's state funeral, modeling it after Abraham Lincoln's service.[120] She requested a closed casket, overruling the wishes of her brother-in-law, Robert.[121] The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C., with the burial taking place at nearby Arlington National Cemetery. Jackie led the procession on foot and lit the eternal flame—created at her request—at the gravesite. Lady Jeanne Campbell reported back to the London Evening Standard: "Jacqueline Kennedy has given the American people ... one thing they have always lacked: Majesty."[120]

A week after the assassination,[122] new president Lyndon B. Johnson issued an executive order that established the Warren Commission—led by Chief Justice Earl Warren—to investigate the assassination. Ten months later, the Commission issued its report finding that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone when he assassinated President Kennedy.[123] Privately, his widow cared little about the investigation, stating that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back.[124] Nevertheless, she gave a deposition to the Warren Commission.[lower-alpha 3] Following the assassination and the media coverage that had focused intensely on her during and after the burial, Jackie stepped back from official public view, apart from a brief appearance in Washington to honor the Secret Service agent, Clint Hill, who had climbed aboard the limousine in Dallas to try to shield her and the President.

Life following the assassination (1963–1975)

Mourning period and later public appearances

Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot. There'll be great presidents again ... but there will never be another Camelot.[127]

—Kennedy describing the years of her husband's presidency for Life

On November 29, 1963—a week after her husband's assassination—Jackie was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life magazine.[128] In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, commenting that the President often played the title song of Lerner and Loewe's musical recording before retiring to bed. She also quoted Queen Guinevere from the musical, trying to express how the loss felt.[129] The era of the Kennedy administration would subsequently often be referred to as the "Camelot Era," although historians have later argued that the comparison is not appropriate, with Robert Dallek stating that Jackie's "effort to lionize [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief."[130]

Jackie and her children remained in the White House for two weeks following the assassination.[131] Wanting to "do something nice for Jackie," President Johnson offered an ambassadorship to France to her, aware of her heritage and fondness for the country's culture, but she turned the offer down, as well as follow-up offers of ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom. At her request, Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Jackie later publicly praised Johnson for his kindness to her.[132]

Jackie spent 1964 in mourning and made few public appearances. It has been speculated that she may have been suffering from undiagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder due to intrusive flashbacks.[15][133][134][135] In the winter following the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in Georgetown. On January 14, 1964, Jackie made a televised appearance from the office of the Attorney General, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination and said she had been sustained by America's affection for her late husband.[136] She purchased a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but sold it later in 1964 and bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of having more privacy.[137][138][139]

In the following years, Jackie attended selected memorial dedications to her late husband.[lower-alpha 4] She also oversaw the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the repository for official papers of the Kennedy Administration.[143] Designed by architect I.M. Pei, it is situated next to the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston.

Despite having commissioned William Manchester's authorized account of President Kennedy's death, The Death of a President, Jackie was subject to significant media attention in 1966–1967 when she and Robert Kennedy tried to block the publication.[144][145][146] They sued publishers Harper & Row in December 1966; the suit was settled the following year when Manchester removed passages that detailed President Kennedy's private life. White viewed the ordeal as validation of the measures the Kennedy family, Jackie in particular, were prepared to take to preserve President Kennedy's public image.

During the Vietnam War in November 1967, Life magazine dubbed Jackie "America's unofficial roving ambassador" when she and David Ormsby-Gore, former British ambassador to the United States during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia, where they visited the religious complex of Angkor Wat with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk.[147][148] According to historian Milton Osbourne, her visit was "the start of the repair to Cambodian-US relations, which had been at a very low ebb".[149] She also attended the funeral services of Martin Luther King, Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1968, despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death.[150]

Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy

After her husband's assassination, Jackie relied heavily on her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy; she observed him to be the "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers.[151] He had been a source of support after she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage; it was he, not her husband, who stayed with her in the hospital.[152] In the aftermath of the assassination, Bobby became a surrogate father for her children until eventual demands by his own large family and his responsibilities as Attorney General required him to reduce attention.[136] He credited Jackie with convincing him to stay in politics, and she supported his 1964 run for United States Senator from New York.[153]

The January 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam resulted in a drop in President Johnson's poll numbers, and Robert Kennedy's advisors urged him to enter the upcoming presidential race. When Art Buchwald asked him if he intended to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do".[154][155] She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him to not follow Jack, but to "be yourself". Privately, she worried about his safety; she believed that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been and that there was "so much hatred" in the United States.[156] She confided in him about these feelings, but by her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her.[154] Despite her concerns, Jackie campaigned for her brother-in-law and supported him,[157] and at one point even showed outright optimism that through his victory, members of the Kennedy family would once again occupy the White House.[154]

Just after midnight PDT on June 5, 1968, an enraged Palestinian gunman named Sirhan Sirhan mortally wounded Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary.[158] Jackie rushed to Los Angeles to join his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy, and the other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside. Bobby Kennedy never regained consciousness and died 26 hours after the shooting.[159]

Marriage to Aristotle Onassis

After Robert Kennedy's death in 1968, Jackie reportedly suffered a relapse of the depression she had suffered in the days following her husband's assassination nearly five years prior.[160] She came to fear for her life and those of her two children, saying: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ... I want to get out of this country".[161]

On October 20, 1968, Jackie married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children.[161] The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis' private Greek island in the Ionian Sea.[162] After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and consequently lost her right to Secret Service protection, which is an entitlement of a widow of a U.S. president. The marriage brought her considerable adverse publicity. The fact that Aristotle was divorced and his former wife Athina Livanos was still living led to speculation that Jackie might be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church, though that concern was explicitly dismissed by Boston's Archbishop, Cardinal Richard Cushing as "nonsense".[163] She was condemned by some as a "public sinner",[164] and became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O".[165]

In 1968, billionaire heiress Doris Duke, with whom Jackie was friends, appointed her as the vice president of the Newport Restoration Foundation. Jackie publicly championed the foundation.[166][167]

During their marriage, the couple inhabited six different residences: her 15-room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in New Jersey, his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht Christina O. Jackie ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often.[168] She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances.[169]

Aristotle Onassis' health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in 1973.[170] He died of respiratory failure at age 69 in Paris on March 15, 1975. His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal wrangling, Jackie eventually accepted a settlement of $26 million from Christina Onassis—Aristotle's daughter and sole heir—and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate.[171]

Later years (1975–1990s)

Onassis in 1985 with the President and First Lady, Ronald and Nancy Reagan
Jackie with Hillary Clinton in 1993

After the death of her second husband, Jackie returned permanently to the United States, splitting her time between Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. In 1975, she became a consulting editor at Viking Press, a position that she held for two years.[lower-alpha 5]

After almost a decade of avoiding participation in political events, Jackie attended the 1976 Democratic National Convention and stunned the assembled delegates when she appeared in the visitors' gallery.[173][174] She resigned from Viking Press in 1977 after John Leonard of The New York Times stated that Jackie held some responsibility for Viking's publication of the Jeffrey Archer novel Shall We Tell the President?, set in a fictional future presidency of Ted Kennedy and describing an assassination plot against him.[175][176] Two years later, she appeared alongside her mother-in-law Rose Kennedy at Faneuil Hall in Boston when Ted Kennedy announced that he was going to challenge incumbent president Jimmy Carter for the Democratic nomination for president.[177] She participated in the subsequent presidential campaign, which was unsuccessful.[178]

Following her resignation from Viking Press, Jackie was hired by Doubleday, where she worked as an associate editor under an old friend, John Turner Sargent, Sr. Among the books she edited for the company are Larry Gonick's The Cartoon History of the Universe,[179] the English translation of the three volumes of Naghib Mahfuz's Cairo Trilogy (with Martha Levin),[180] and autobiographies of ballerina Gelsey Kirkland,[181] singer-songwriter Carly Simon,[182] and fashion icon Diana Vreeland.[181] She also encouraged Dorothy West, her neighbor on Martha's Vineyard and the last surviving member of the Harlem Renaissance, to complete the novel The Wedding (1995), a multi-generational story about race, class, wealth, and power in the U.S.

In addition to her work as an editor, Jackie participated in cultural and architectural preservation. In the 1970s, she led a historic preservation campaign to save Grand Central Terminal from demolition and renovate the structure in Manhattan.[135] A plaque inside the terminal acknowledges her prominent role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she was a major figure in protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle that would have cast large shadows on Central Park;[135] the project was cancelled. A later project proceeded despite protests: a large twin-towered skyscraper, the Time Warner Center, was completed in 2003. Her notable historic preservation efforts also include her influence in the campaign to save Olana, the home of Frederic Edwin Church in upstate New York.[183]

Jackie remained the subject of considerable press attention,[184] especially from the paparazzi photographer Ron Galella, who followed her around and photographed her as she went about her normal activities; he took candid photos of her without her permission.[185][186] She ultimately obtained a restraining order against him, and the situation brought attention to the problem of paparazzi photography.[187] From 1980 until her death, Jackie maintained a close relationship with Maurice Tempelsman, a Belgian-born industrialist and diamond merchant who was her companion and personal financial adviser.

In the early 1990s, Jackie supported Bill Clinton and contributed money to his presidential campaign.[188] Following the election, she met with First Lady Hillary Clinton and advised her on raising a child in the White House.[189] In her memoir Living History, Clinton wrote that Jackie was "a source of inspiration and advice for me".[188] Democratic consultant Ann Lewis observed that Jackie had reached out to the Clintons "in a way she has not always acted toward leading Democrats in the past".[190]

Illness, death and funeral

Jackie's grave at Arlington National Cemetery

In November 1993, Jackie was thrown from her horse while participating in a fox hunt in Middleburg, Virginia, and was taken to the hospital to be examined. A swollen lymph node was discovered in her groin, which was initially diagnosed by the doctor to be caused by an infection.[191] The fall from the horse contributed to her deteriorating health over the next six months.[192] In December, Jackie developed new symptoms, including a stomach ache and swollen lymph nodes in her neck, and was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a blood cancer.[191][193] She began chemotherapy in January 1994 and publicly announced the diagnosis, stating that the initial prognosis was good.[191] She continued to work at Doubleday, but by March the cancer had spread to her spinal cord and brain, and by May to her liver and was deemed terminal.[191][193] Jackie made her last trip home from New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994.[191][193] The following night at 10:15 p.m., she died in her sleep in her Manhattan apartment at age 64.[193] In the morning, John F. Kennedy, Jr. announced his mother's death to the press, stating that she had been "surrounded by her friends and her family and her books, and the people and the things that she loved". He added that "She did it in her very own way, and on her own terms, and we all feel lucky for that."[194]

On May 23, 1994, her funeral Mass was held a few blocks away from her apartment at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola, the Catholic parish where she was baptized in 1929 and confirmed as a teenager and asked for no cameras to film the event for privacy.[195][196] She was interred at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, alongside President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella.[15][191] President Bill Clinton delivered a eulogy at her graveside service.[197][198] At the time of her death, Jackie was survived by her children Caroline and John Jr., three grandchildren, sister Lee Radziwill, son-in-law Edwin Schlossberg, and half-brother James Lee Auchincloss. She left an estate that its executors valued at $43.7 million.[199]

Legacy

Popularity

Official portrait of Jackie at the White House

Kennedy's marriage to Aristotle Onassis caused her popularity to decline sharply among an American public who viewed it as a betrayal of the assassinated president,[200][201] Her lavish lifestyle as Onassis' trophy wife[202], in contrast to "the shy, selfless, and sacrificing mother the American public had come to respect" as First Lady,[203] led the press to portray her as "a spendthrift and a reckless woman"[204]

However, she took conscious control of her public image and, by the time of her death, succeeded in rehabilitating it.[205] By moving back to New York City after Onassis' death, working as an editor for Viking Press and Doubleday, focusing on her children and grandchildren, and participating in charitable causes, she reversed her "reckless spendthrift" image.[206] She also reestablished her relationship with the Kennedy family and supported the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum.[207]

She remains one of the most popular First Ladies. She was featured 27 times on the annual Gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century; this number is superseded by only Billy Graham and Queen Elizabeth II and is higher than that of any U.S. president.[208] In 2011, she was ranked in fifth place in a list of the five most influential First Ladies of the twentieth century for her "profound effect on American society".[209] In 2014, she ranked third place in a Siena College Institute survey,[210][211] behind Eleanor Roosevelt and Abigail Adams.[212] In 2015, she was included in a list of the top ten influential U.S. First Ladies due to the admiration for her based around "her fashion sense and later after her husband's assassination, for her poise and dignity".[213] In 2020, Time magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her efforts in uplifting the American history and art.[214] Mary Tyler Moore's Dick Van Dyke Show character Laura Petrie, who symbolized the "feel-good nature" of the Kennedy White House, often dressed like Jackie as well.[215]

Jackie is seen as being customary in her role as First Lady,[216][217] though Magill argues her life was validation that "fame and celebrity" changed the way First Ladies are evaluated historically.[218] Hamish Bowles, curator of the "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years" exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, attributed her popularity to a sense of unknown that was felt in her withdrawal from the public which he dubbed "immensely appealing".[219] After Jackie's death, Kelly Barber referred to her as "the most intriguing woman in the world", furthering that her stature was also due to her affiliation with valuable causes.[220] Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony summarized that the former First Lady "became an aspirational figure of that era, one whose privilege might not be easily reached by a majority of Americans but which others could strive to emulate".[208] Since the late 2000s, Jackie's traditional persona has been invoked by commentators when referring to fashionable political spouses.[221][222]

A wide variety of commentators have credited Jackie with restoring the White House; the list includes Hugh Sidey,[208][223] Leticia Baldrige,[224] Laura Bush,[225] Kathleen P. Galop,[226] and Carl Anthony.[227]

Tina Turner[228] and Jackie Joyner-Kersee[229] have cited Jackie as influences.

Style icon

Jackie at a State dinner on May 22, 1962

Jackie became a global fashion icon during her husband's presidency. After the 1960 election, she commissioned French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend Oleg Cassini to create an original wardrobe for her appearances as First Lady. From 1961 to 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her most iconic ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown, as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India, and Pakistan. In 1961, Jackie spent $45,446 more on fashion than the $100,000 annual salary her husband earned as president.[230]

Jackie preferred French couture, particularly the work of Chanel, Balenciaga, and Givenchy, but was aware that in her role as First Lady, she would be expected to wear American designers' work.[231] After noticing that her taste for Paris fashion was being criticized in the press, she wrote to the fashion editor Diana Vreeland to ask for suitable American designers, particularly those who could reproduce the Paris look.[231] After considering the letter, which expressed Jackie's dislike of prints, and her preference for "terribly simple, covered-up clothes," Vreeland recommended Norman Norell, who was considered America's First Designer, and was known for his high-end simplicity and fine quality work. She also suggested Ben Zuckerman, another highly regarded tailor who regularly offered re-interpretations of Paris couture, and the sportswear designer Stella Sloat, who occasionally offered Givenchy copies.[231] Jackie's first choice for her Inauguration Day coat was originally a purple wool Zuckerman model that was based on a Pierre Cardin design, but she instead settled on a fawn Cassini coat and wore the Zuckerman for a tour of the White House with Mamie Eisenhower.[231]

In her role as First Lady, Kennedy preferred to wear clean-cut suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee, three-quarter sleeves on notch-collar jackets, sleeveless A-line dresses, above-the-elbow gloves, low-heel pumps, and pillbox hats.[230] Dubbed the "Jackie" look, these clothing items rapidly became fashion trends in the Western world. More than any other First Lady, her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and a large segment of young women.[40] Her influential bouffant hairstyle, described as a "grown-up exaggeration of little girls' hair," was created by Mr. Kenneth, who worked for her from 1954 until 1986.[232][233]

In her years after the White House, Jackie underwent a style change; her new looks consisted of wide-leg pantsuits, silk Hermès headscarves, and large, round, dark sunglasses. She even began wearing jeans in public.[234] She set a new fashion trend with beltless, white jeans with a black turtleneck that was never tucked in and instead pulled down over her hips.

Jackie and the President watching the America's Cup Race

Jackie acquired a large collection of jewelry throughout her lifetime. Her triple-strand pearl necklace, designed by American jeweler Kenneth Jay Lane, became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as First Lady in the White House. Often referred to as the "berry brooch," the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co., was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961.[235] She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them "Jackie bracelets"; she also favored his white enamel and gold "banana" earrings. Jackie wore jewelry designed by Van Cleef & Arpels throughout the 1950s,[236] 1960s[236] and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy.

Jackie was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965.[237][238] Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum; pieces from the collection were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2001. Titled "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years," the exhibition focused on her time as a First Lady.[239]

In 2012, Time magazine included Jackie on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list.[240] In 2016, Forbes included her on the list 10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous.[241]

Honors and memorials

External video
Jacqueline Kennedy, First Ladies, Influence and Image, C-SPAN

Portrayals

Jaclyn Smith portrays Jackie in the 1981 television film Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, depicting Jackie's life until the end of the JFK presidency.[254] The film's producer Louis Rudolph stated an interest in creating a "positive portrait of a woman who I thought had been very much maligned," comments that were interpreted by John J. O'Connor of The New York Times as erasing any chances of critique toward Kennedy.[255] Though Smith received praise for her performance,[256] with Marilynn Preston calling her "convincing in an impossible role",[257] Tom Shales wrote "Jaclyn Smith couldn't act her way out of a Gucci bag".[258]

Blair Brown portrays Jackie in the 1983 miniseries Kennedy, set during the Kennedy presidency.[259] Brown used wigs and makeup to better resemble Jackie and said through playing the role she gained a different view of the assassination: "I realized that this was a woman witnessing the public execution of her husband."[260] Jason Bailey praised her performance,[261] while Andrea Mullaney noted her resemblance to Kennedy and general shyness.[262] Brown was nominated for a television BAFTA as Best Actress and a Golden Globe as Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film.[263]

Marianna Bishop, Sarah Michelle Gellar, and Roma Downey portray Jackie in the 1991 miniseries A Woman Named Jackie, covering her entire life until the death of Aristotle Onassis.[264] Of being contacted for the role, Downey reflected: "I thought I was a strange choice because I didn't think I looked anything like her and I was Irish."[265] Half of Downey's wardrobe was designed by Shelley Komarov[266] and Downey stated that though she had long harbored "great respect and admiration" for Jackie, she was unaware of the troubles in her childhood.[267] Reviewer Rick Kogan praised Downey with doing "a surprisingly fine job in the demanding title role",[268] while Howard Rosenberg lamented Downey's performance failing to "pierce this thick glaze of superficiality".[269] Ability credited the role with raising Downey's profile.[270] In 1992, the miniseries won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries.[271]

Rhoda Griffis portrays Jackie in the 1992 film Love Field, set shortly before and in the aftermath of JFK's assassination.[272] It was Griffis' feature film debut.[273] Griffis said she had been told by her orthodontist of her resemblance to Kennedy and was cast as her upon walking into the auditions for the role.[274]

Sally Taylor-Isherwood, Emily VanCamp, and Joanne Whalley portray Jackie in the 2000 television miniseries Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis, covering chronologically her entire life.[275] Whalley prepared for the role by listening to recordings of Kennedy's voice along with working with a dialect coach; by the end of production, she developed an attachment to Kennedy.[276] Laura Fries assessed Whalley as lacking Kennedy's charisma despite being "soulful and regal" in her own right[277] while Ron Wertheimer viewed Whalley as being passive in the role and lamented "the filmmakers render Jackie as Forrest Gump in a pillbox hat, someone who keeps passing close to the center of things without really touching – or being touched by – very much."[278]

Stephanie Romanov portrays Jackie in the 2000 film Thirteen Days, taking place during the Cuban Missile Crisis.[279] Philip French of The Guardian noted her small role and being out of "the loop" was accurate of women's roles in "the early Sixties".[280] Laura Clifford called Romanov "unconvincing" in the role.[281]

Jill Hennessy portrays Jackie in the 2001 television film Jackie, Ethel, Joan: The Women of Camelot.[282][283] Hennessy prepared for the performance by watching hours of archival footage of Jackie and cited one of the reasons for her favoring of the miniseries was its distinctiveness in not focusing "strictly on the men or only on Jackie".[284] Reviewers Anita Gates[285] and Terry Kelleher[286] believed Hennessy brought "elegance" to the role while Steve Oxman panned the performance: "Hennessy simply doesn't possess the right natural grace. But this pic has a habit of telling us more that it shows us, and the actress manages to communicate the most important elements of the story without ever making it especially convincing."[287]

Jacqueline Bisset portrays Jackie in the 2003 film America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story.[288] Bisset said the glasses she used during the film were holdovers from a prior role in The Greek Tycoon.[289] Neil Genzlinger thought Bisset "should have known better" in taking on the role[290] while Kristen Tauer wrote Bisset portraying Jackie as a mother was a "different central light than many proceeding films".[291]

Jeanne Tripplehorn portrays Jackie in the 2009 film Grey Gardens for a single scene.[292][293] Tripplehorn said questions she had about Edith Bouvier Beale that she thought would be answered by being a part of the film remained unsolved.[294] Tripplehorn received diverse reactions to her performance[295][296][297] while Brian Lowry noted her resemblance to Jackie and small role.[298]

Katie Holmes portrays Jackie in the 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, set during the Kennedy presidency and its 2017 sequel The Kennedys: After Camelot, focusing on her life after 1968.[299][300] Mary McNamara[301] and Hank Stuever[302] regarded Holmes' performance with neutrality in their reviews of The Kennedys while Hadley Freeman called her "bloodless" in the role.[303] Holmes stated reprising the role was a "bigger challenge" for having to act through later periods of Kennedy's life.[304] When asked of the concurrent Jackie film, Holmes said, "I think its really exciting. It's just is a testament to how amazing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was and how much she meant to our country."[305] Holmes also stated both should be watched due to covering different periods of Jackie's life.[306] In The Kennedys: After Camelot, Holmes' performance was viewed favorably by Daniel Feinberg[307] and Allison Keane[308] while Kristi Turnquist panned her.[309]

Minka Kelly portrays Jackie in the 2013 film The Butler, giving the film's protagonist Cecil one of her husband's neckties after his assassination.[310][311] Kelly said she was intimidated and scared taking on the role.[312] Kelly admitted to having difficulty with perfecting Kennedy's voice, going "to sleep listening to her", and having discomfort with the wool clothing associated with the role.[311]

Ginnifer Goodwin portrays her in the 2013 television film Killing Kennedy.[313][314] Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Kennedy and was concerned "to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her".[315] Costar Rob Lowe said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit, "It made it real. If I were under any illusions about what we were doing, seeing her in that iconic moment was, I would say, sobering."[316] Tom Carson wrote that Goodwin's "trademark vulnerability humanizes Jackie considerably"[317] while Bruce Miller called her a miscast[318] and Robert Lloyd[319] and Brian Lowry[320] panned her performance.

Kim Allen portrays Jackie in the 2016 film LBJ.[321] Ray Bennett noted in his review of the film that Allen was in a non-speaking role.[322]

Natalie Portman portrays Jackie in the 2016 film Jackie, set during the JFK presidency and the immediate aftermath of the assassination.[323][324] Portman admitted being intimidated taking the role and doing research in preparation for filming.[325] Nigel M. Smith wrote that by portraying Kennedy, Portman was "taking on arguably the biggest challenge of her career".[326] Manohla Dargis,[327] David Edelstein,[328] and Peter Bradshaw[329] praised her performance. Portman was nominated for Best Actress by Academy Awards,[330] AACTA Awards,[331] AWFJ,[332] AFCA,[333] and BSFC,[334] and won the category by the Online Film Critics Society.[335]

Jodi Balfour portrays Jackie in the eighth episode of the second season of Netflix's original drama series, The Crown, titled 'Dear Mrs. Kennedy,' set during the June 1961 visit of the Kennedy couple to Buckingham Palace and the immediate reaction to the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[336]

See also

Notes

  1. Her French family had its origins in the Rhone River valley village of Pont-Saint-Espirit and left France for the US in the first years of the 19th century.[11] Although the French and English ancestors of the Bouviers were mostly middle class, her paternal grandfather John Vernou Bouvier, Jr., fabricated a more noble ancestry for the family in his vanity family history book, Our Forebears, later disproved by the research by her cousin John Hagy Davis.[12]
  2. At first she had opposed the magazine's offer of the cover, not wanting the baby to be used to benefit her husband's political career, but changed her mind in exchange for a promise from her father-in-law that Jack would stop campaigning during the summer to go to Paris with her.[68]
  3. There were some mixed feelings about whether she should testify, Earl Warren in particular indicating an unwillingness to interview her while John J. McCloy outright opposed such an inquiry. Future president Gerald Ford, who served on the Warren Commission, proposed "most informally" having her interviewed by an associate.[125] With the varying opinions of what to do lingering, Warren held a short meeting with Jackie at her apartment.[125][126]
  4. In May 1965, she, Robert and Ted Kennedy joined Queen Elizabeth II at Runnymede, England, where they dedicated the United Kingdom's official memorial to JFK. The memorial included several acres of meadowland given in perpetuity from the UK to the US, near where King John had signed the Magna Carta in 1215.[140] In 1967, she attended the christening of the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)[141] in Newport News, Virginia, a memorial in Hyannis Port, and a park near New Ross, Ireland. She also attended a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery that saw the moving of her husband's coffin, after which he was reinterred so that officials at the cemetery could construct a safer and more stable eternal flame and accommodate the tourists' extensive foot traffic.[142]
  5. Prior to her publishing employment, she had gained experience by being involved with several posthumous biographies of President Kennedy. The first of these was John F. Kennedy, President, by Hugh Sidey, which was published the year after his death in 1964. Simon Michael Bessie, Sidey's editor at Atheneum, recalled her as having read galleys and submitted detailed notes on them. Despite this recollection, Sidey did not acknowledge her contribution in the book. The following year, she helped Ted Sorensen with his book Kennedy. Sorensen told Greg Lawrence that after finishing the "first draft" of his "first big book", he gave Jackie the manuscript since he thought she would be helpful, and Jackie provided him with several comments on the book. Sorensen lauded her assistance in his memoir Counselor, as he wrote that she had "proved to be a superb editor, correcting typographical errors, challenging mistaken assumptions, defending some of her husband's personnel decisions, suggesting useful clarifications, and repeatedly setting the record straight on matters not known to me".[172]

References

  1. Craughwell-Varda, Kathleen (October 14, 1999). Looking for Jackie: American Fashion Icons. Hearst Books. ISBN 978-0-688-16726-4. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  2. Ford, Elizabeth; Mitchell, Deborah C. (March 2004). The Makeover in Movies: Before and After in Hollywood Films, 1941–2002. McFarland. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7864-1721-6. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  3. "Photograph". Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017 via Pinterest.
  4. Hall, Mimi (September 26, 2010). "Jackie Kennedy Onassis: America's Quintessential Icon of Style and Grace". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  5. Bachmann, Elaine Rice. "Circa 1961: The Kennedy White House Interiors" (PDF). White House History. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 28, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011. The prescience of her words is remarkable given the influence she ultimately had on fashion, interior decoration, and architectural preservation from the early 1960s until her death in 1994. A disappointing visit to the Executive Mansion when she was 11 left a deep impression, one she immediately acted upon when she knew she was to become first lady ...
  6. Newport, Frank; Moore, David W.; Saad, Lydia (December 13, 1999). "Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998". Gallup. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
  7. Burial Detail: Onassis, Jacqueline K (Section 45, Grave S-45 – at ANC Explorer
  8. Pottker, p. 64
  9. Pottker, p. 7
  10. Flaherty, ch. 1, subsection "Early years"
  11. https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/actualite/2013/07/28/jackie-la-cousine-d-amerique
  12. Davis, John H. (1995). The Bouviers: Portrait of an American family. National Press Books. ISBN 978-1-882605-19-4.
  13. Spoto, pp. 22, 61
  14. Rathe, Adam (February 16, 2019). "Lee Radziwill Has Died". Yahoo!. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  15. McFadden, Robert D. (May 20, 1994). "Death of a First Lady; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 3, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  16. Leaming, Barbara (2014). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 6–8.
  17. Tracy, pp. 9–10
  18. Cosgrove-Mather, Bootie (April 1, 2004). "New Book: Jackie O's Lessons". CBS News.
  19. Glueckstein, Fred (October 2004). "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: Equestrienne" (PDF). Equestrian. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
  20. Harrison, Mimi. "Jackie Kennedy's Prowess as a Polygot". America the Bilingual.
  21. Tracy, p. 38
  22. Pottker, p. 74; Spoto, p. 28
  23. "Life of Jacqueline B. Kennedy". The John F. Kennedy Library. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
  24. Harris, pp. 540–541
  25. Flaherty, Ch. 1, "School Days"; Pottker, p. 99; Leaming, p. 7
  26. Leaming (2001), p. 5; Flaherty, Ch. 1, "School Days"
  27. Tracy, p. 17
  28. Pottker, p. 114
  29. Pottker, p. 8
  30. Pottker, pp. 100–101
  31. Spoto, p. 57
  32. Mead, Rebecca (April 11, 2011). "Jackie's Juvenilia". The New Yorker.
  33. Spoto, p. 63
  34. Pottker, pp. 113–114
  35. Pottker, pp. 113–114; Leaming, pp. 10–11
  36. Spoto, pp. 67–68
  37. Pottker, p. 116; Leaming, pp. 14–15
  38. Leaming, pp. 14–15
  39. Leaming, p. 17
  40. "First Lady Biography: Jackie Kennedy". First Ladies' Biographical Information. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  41. Leaming (2014), pp. 19–21
  42. Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy; Radziwill, Lee Bouvier (1974). One Special Summer. New York City: Delacorte Press. ISBN 978-0-440-06037-6.
  43. Spoto, Donald (2000). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life. Macmillan. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-312-24650-1 via Google Books.
  44. Tracy, pp. 72–73
  45. Bernstein, Adam (September 18, 2002). "Washington Star Editor Sidney Epstein Dies". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  46. Beasley, p. 79; Adler, pp. 20–21
  47. Leaming (2014), p. 25
  48. Spoto, pp. 89–91
  49. Tracy, p. 70
  50. O'Brien, pp. 265–266
  51. "60 Fascinating Facts About The Queen's Coronation". Royal Central. June 1, 2013. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020.
  52. Harris, pp. 548–549
  53. "Senator Kennedy to marry in fall". The New York Times. June 25, 1953. p. 31. Retrieved November 29, 2015.
  54. Alam, p. 8
  55. "Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy". jfklibrary.org. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  56. jfklibrary.org, Special Exhibit Celebrates 50th Anniversary of the Wedding of Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy.
  57. Reed Miller, Rosemary E. (2007). The Threads of Time. ISBN 978-0-9709713-0-2.
  58. Smith, Sally Bedell (2004). Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House. ISBN 978-0-375-50449-5.
  59. O'Brien, pp. 295–296
  60. Leaming (2001), pp. 31–32
  61. Gullen, Kevin (May 13, 2007). "Finding her way in the clan Diaries, letters reveal a more complex Kennedy matriarch". Boston Globe.
  62. Dallek, Robert. An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963. Back Bay Books, pp. 99–106, 113, 195–197 (2004)
  63. "Big Year for the Clan". Time. April 26, 1963.
  64. "Mrs. Kennedy Loses Her Baby". The New York Times. August 24, 1956.
  65. Thompson, Jonathan (May 29, 2017). "Boston: A tour of the city that JFK called home". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  66. Bear, Rob (May 29, 2013). "On His Birthday, Mapping John F. Kennedy's Many Homes". Curbed. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  67. Leaming (2014), p. 90
  68. Heymann, p. 61
  69. Spoto, pp. 142–144
  70. "Jackie Kennedy's Campaign Ad Appearance, before the 1960 Presidential Election". iagreetosee.com.
  71. Hunt and Batcher, p. 167
  72. Schlesinger, p. 17
  73. Spoto, p. 146
  74. Brasted, Chelsea (November 18, 2013). "JFK owes credit to Louisiana for winning 1960 presidential election". The Times-Picayune. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  75. Spoto, p. 152
  76. Beasley, p. 72
  77. Wertheime, Molly Meijer (2004). Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century.
  78. Mulvagh, Jane (May 20, 1994). "Obituary: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis". The Independent.
  79. Beasley, pp. 72–76
  80. Spoto, pp. 155–157
  81. Schlesinger, p. 69
  82. Cassini, p. 153
  83. Spoto, p. 164
  84. "The Story of the Glen Ora Estate". HouseHistree.com. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  85. Beasley, p. 76
  86. Beasley, pp. 73– 74
  87. "Little-known facts about our First Ladies". Firstladies.org. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  88. Beasley, pp. 78–83
  89. Schwalbe, pp. 111–127
  90. "Jacqueline Kennedy in the White House". The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  91. "Jacqueline Kennedy — First Lady". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  92. "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  93. Abbott, James; Rice, Elaine (1997). Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Thomson. ISBN 978-0-442-02532-8.
  94. Goodman, Sidey and Baldrige, pp. 73–74
  95. "Nation: La Presidente". Time. June 9, 1961. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
  96. Blair, W. Grainger (June 3, 1961). "Just an Escort, Kennedy Jokes As Wife's Charm Enchants Paris; First Lady Wins Bouquets From Press – She Also Has Brief Chance to Visit Museum and Admire Manet". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  97. Perry, Barbara A. (2009). Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1343-4.
  98. Meagher and Gragg, p. 83
  99. "Jackie Kennedy adopts Sardar, March 23, 1962". Politico. March 23, 2011.
  100. Glass, Andrew (March 12, 2015). "Jacqueline Kennedy begins South Asia trip, March 12, 1962". Politico.
  101. Long, Tania (May 1, 1961). "Ottawa Reacts to Mrs. Kennedy With 'Special Glow of Warmth'; Prime Minister Hails Her at Parliament – Crowds Cheer Her at Horse Show and During Visit to Art Gallery". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  102. "Pioneering aide to Jacqueline Kennedy dies". Taipei Times. March 24, 2015.
  103. Rabe, Stephen G. (1999). The Most Dangerous Area in the World: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8078-4764-X.
  104. Beschloss, Michael. (2011). Historical Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy. ISBN 978-1-4013-2425-4.
  105. Taraborrelli, J. Randy. Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot. Warner Books: 2000. ISBN 978-0-446-52426-1
  106. Clarke, Thurston (July 1, 2013). "A Death in the First Family". Vanity Fair.
  107. Levingston, Steven (October 24, 2013). "For John and Jackie Kennedy, the death of a son may have brought them closer". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
  108. Leaming (2014), pp. 120–122
  109. Schlesinger, p. xiv
  110. Leaming (2014), p. 123
  111. Bugliosi, pp. 30, 34
  112. Alam, p. 36
  113. "Testimony of Clinton J. Hill, Special Agent, Secret Service". Warren Commission Hearings. Assassination Archives and Research Center. pp. 132–144. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
  114. Trask, p. 318
  115. "Warren Commission Hearings". Mary Ferrell Foundation. 1964. p. 180.
  116. Manchester, William (1967). Death of a President. New York City: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-88365-956-4.
  117. "Selections from Lady Bird's Diary on the assassination: November 22, 1963". Lady Bird Johnson: Portrait of a First Lady. PBS. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
  118. Horyn, Cathy (November 14, 2013). "Jacqueline Kennedy's Smart Pink Suit, Preserved in Memory and Kept Out of View". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  119. Caro, p. 329
  120. Campbell, Lady Jeanne (November 25, 1963). "Magic Majesty of Mrs. Kennedy". London Evening Standard. London. p. 1.
  121. Hilty, p. 484
  122. Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "Lyndon B. Johnson: "Executive Order 11130 – Appointing a Commission To Report Upon the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy," November 29, 1963". The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara.
  123. "In The Nation; The Unsolved Mysteries of Motive". The New York Times. September 29, 1964. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  124. Leaming, Barbara (September 30, 2014). "The Winter of Her Despair". Vanity Fair.
  125. White (1987), p. 203
  126. Leaming (2014), p. 171
  127. An Epilogue, in Life, Dec 6, 1963, pp. 158–159
  128. Spoto, pp. 233–234
  129. White, Theodore H. (December 6, 1963). "For President Kennedy, an Epilogue". Life. 55 (23). ISSN 0024-3019.
  130. Tomlin, p. 295
  131. Hunter, Marjorie (December 7, 1963). "Mrs. Kennedy is in new home; declines 3-acre Arlington plot" (PDF). The New York Times. pp. 1, 13. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  132. Andersen, pp. 55–56
  133. Brody, Rachel (January 22, 2015). "A Private Trauma in the Public Eye". U.S. News & World Report.
  134. Leaming, Barbara (October 28, 2014). Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: The Untold Story. ISBN 978-1-250-01764-2.
  135. Adler, Bill. The Eloquent Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis – A Portrait in Her Own Words. 1. ISBN 978-0-06-073282-0.
  136. Spoto, pp. 239–240
  137. "1040 Fifth Avenue: Where Jackie O. lived". Abagond. August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  138. Heymann, Clemens David (2007). American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy. ISBN 978-0-7434-9738-1.
  139. Andersen, Christopher P. (2003). Sweet Caroline: Last Child of Camelot. William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-103225-7.
  140. "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis". u-s-history.com.
  141. "May 27, 1967 – Jacqueline, Caroline and John at the christening of the U.S.S. John F. Kennedy". Retrieved November 15, 2014 via YouTube.
  142. "JFK's body moved to permanent gravesite". HISTORY.com.
  143. Tracy, p. 180
  144. Mills, p. 363
  145. Schlesinger, Vol 2., p. 762
  146. White, pp. 98–99
  147. "Jacqueline Kennedy Visits Angkor Wat". Devata.org. January 6, 2010. Archived from the original on March 24, 2010. November 1967
  148. Alam, p. 32
  149. Little, Harriet Fitch (March 21, 2015). "Jacqueline Kennedy's charm offensive". The Phnom Penh Post.
  150. Leaming (2014), pp. 237–238
  151. Thomas, p. 91
  152. Hersh, p. 85
  153. Tracy, p. 194
  154. Flynt and Eisenbach, p. 216
  155. Heymann, p. 141
  156. Thomas, p. 361
  157. Ford, p. 273
  158. Morriss, John G. (June 6, 1968). "Kennedy claims victory; and then shots ring out". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  159. Hill, Gladwin (June 6, 1968). "Kennedy is Dead, Victim of Assassin; Suspect, Arab Immigrant, Arraigned; Johnson Appoints Panel on Violence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  160. Pottker, p. 257
  161. Seely, Katherine (July 19, 1999). "John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir to a Formidable Dynasty". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  162. Spoto, p. 266
  163. "Cardinal Claims Excommunication Idea 'Nonsense,' in Talk about Jackie Kennedy". The Southeast Missourian. October 23, 1968 via Google News.
  164. "Roman Catholics: The Cardinal and Jackie". Time. November 1, 1968. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  165. Tracy, p. 211
  166. Colacello, Bob (March 1994). "Doris Duke's Final Mystery". Vanity Fair. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  167. "Duke, Doris | Learning to Give". Learning to Give. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
  168. Heymann, p. 90
  169. Hersh, p. 512
  170. Spoto, p. 282
  171. Tracy, p. 232
  172. Lawrence, pp. 13–14
  173. Sabato, p. 324
  174. Reeves, pp. 124–127
  175. Carmody, Deirdre (October 15, 1977). "Mrs. Onassis Resigns Editing Post". The New York Times. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  176. Silverman, pp. 71–72
  177. Leaming (2014), p. 292
  178. Lawrence, p. 95
  179. Spoto, p. 319
  180. "Hutchins mss., 1972–1999". Indiana University.
  181. "Once an Editor, Now the Subject". The New York Times.
  182. "Jackie O.: A Life in Books". oprah.com. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  183. Schuyler, David (2018). Frederic Church's Olana on the Hudson: Art, Landscape, and Architecture. Hudson, New York: Rizzoli International Publications/The Olana Partnership. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8478-6311-2.
  184. "Jackie Sues Indians In Martha's Vineyard Over A Beach". Chicago Tribune. January 23, 1989.
  185. "1040 Fifth Avenue: Jackie O's Unusual New York City Neighbor". Vanity Fair. October 16, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2020 via YouTube.
  186. "Ron Galella". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  187. Fried, Joseph (January 2, 2005). "Ambush Photographer Leaves the Bushes". The New York Times.
  188. Clinton, pp. 135–138
  189. Kolbert, Elizabeth (October 13, 2003). "The Student: How Hillary Clinton set out to master the Senate". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
  190. Lewis, Kathy (August 25, 1993). "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reaches Out To President Clinton – She Ends Long Political Isolation". The Seattle Times.
  191. Leaming (2014), pp. 308–309
  192. "A fall while foxhunting marks the beginning of the end of Jackie O". Today. April 13, 2004. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
  193. Altman, Lawrence K. (May 20, 1994). "Death of a first lady; No More Could Be Done, Mrs. Kennedy-Onassis Was Told". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  194. "JFK Jr. speaks to the press outside of ..." Retrieved December 20, 2017 via YouTube.
  195. Apple, Jr., R. W. (May 24, 1994). "Death of a First Lady: The Overview; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Is Buried". The New York Times. p. A1.
  196. Spoto, p. 22
  197. Horvitz, Paul F. (May 24, 1994). "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Laid to Rest at Eternal Flame". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 2, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  198. McFadden, Robert D. (May 20, 1994). "On This Day – Death of a First Lady ; Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer at 64". The New York Times. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  199. Johnston, David Cay (December 21, 1996). "Mrs. Onassis's Estate Worth Less Than Estimated". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  200. "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Dies of Cancer". The New York Times. May 20, 1994. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  201. Swanson, Kelsey (2005). "From Saint to Sinner and Back Again: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Rehabilitates Her Image". Santa Clara University Undergraduate Journal of History, Series II. 10 (Article 9): 70–86. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  202. Swanson, p. 78
  203. Swanson p. 76
  204. Swanson p. 75
  205. Swanson, p. 71
  206. Swanson, pp. 80–82
  207. Swanson, pp. 84–85
  208. "Jackie Kennedy's Enduring Spell". National Geographic Channel. October 15, 2013. Archived from the original on January 25, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  209. Holland, Bill (March 14, 2011). "5 Most Influential First Ladies of the 20th Century". Listosaur.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
  210. "Survey: The best of the first ladies". CNN. February 15, 2014.
  211. Miller, Jake (February 15, 2014). "Who is the finest first lady of them all?". CBS News.
  212. "Poll: Roosevelt seen as top first lady". Politico. February 15, 2014.
  213. Kelly, Martin (May 31, 2015). "Top 10 Most Influential First Ladies". americanhistory.about.com.
  214. "1962: Jacqueline Kennedy". Time. March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  215. Farber, David (2004). The Sixties Chronicles. Publications International Ltd. p. 153. ISBN 1-4127-1009-X.
  216. "Who will the next first lady (or first gentleman) of the US be?". aol.com. January 30, 2016.
  217. Greenhouse, Emily (August 17, 2015). "Vitamins & Caviar: Getting to Know Melania Trump". Bloomberg Politics. Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  218. Magill, p. 2817
  219. Brown, DeNeen L. (November 19, 2013). "The enduring legacy of Jacqueline Kennedy, a master at shaping public appearance". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2013.
  220. Barber, Kelly (June 8, 1994). "Jackie Kennedy was a role model". Letters to the Editor. Allegheny Times via Google News.
  221. Suhay, Lisa (March 23, 2016). "Is Melania Trump the next Jackie Kennedy? (+video)". The Christian Science Monitor.
  222. Connolly, Katie (November 28, 2008). "Why Michelle Obama Is Not the Next Jackie O". Newsweek.
  223. Karsh, Yousuf; Travis, David (2009). Regarding Heroes. David R Godine. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-56792-359-9.
  224. "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis dies in 1994". Daily News. New York. May 18, 2015.
  225. Bush, Laura (2010). Spoken From the Heart. Scribner. pp. 183. ISBN 978-1-4391-5520-2.
  226. Galop, Kathleen P. (Spring 2006). "The Historic Preservation Legacy of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis". Forum Journal. National Trust for Historic Preservation. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  227. Anthony, Carl. "The Political and Public Influence of Jacqueline Kennedy". firstladies.org. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016.
  228. And I Quote (Revised Edition): The Definitive Collection of Quotes, Sayings, and Jokes for the Contemporary Speechmaker. Thomas Dunne Books. 2003. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-312-30744-8.
  229. "Death of Namesake Jacke O. Inspires Jackie Joyner-Kersee To New U.S. Long Jump Record". Jet. June 6, 1994.
  230. "Return of the Jackie Look – Sort of Fashion from A-Line Dresses to Fitted Jackets". Newsweek. August 28, 1994.
  231. Bowles, Hamish; John F. Kennedy Library and Museum (2001). Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years : Selections from the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-0-87099-981-9.
  232. Collins, Amy Fine (June 1, 2003). "It had to be Kenneth". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  233. Wong, pp. 151–154
  234. "Jackie Kennedy: Post-Camelot Style". Life. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
  235. "Treasures of the Kennedy Library" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2007.
  236. "The Jacqueline Kennedy Collection by Camrose & Kross". Archived from the original on March 12, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  237. "The International Best Dressed List: The International Hall of Fame: Women". Vanity Fair. 1965. Archived from the original on July 12, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  238. Lambert and Zilkha, pp. 64–69, 90
  239. "JACQUELINE KENNEDY: THE WHITE HOUSE YEARS". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  240. Lee Adams, William (April 2, 2012). "All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons: Princess Diana". Time. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  241. Boyd, Sara (March 14, 2016). "10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous". Forbes.
  242. "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School". New York City Department of Education. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  243. "P.S. 66 Queens – The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School". PS66q.com.
  244. Kifner, John (July 23, 1994). "Central Park Honor for Jacqueline Onassis". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  245. "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal". Municipal Art Society. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010.
  246. "The last Public Appearance of Mrs Onassis". PlanetPR. March 1994. Retrieved August 16, 2020 via YouTube.
  247. "Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis (JBKO) Hall". George Washington University.
  248. Zweifel and Buckland, p. 87
  249. "Send a New Year's Message to the Moon on Japan's SELENE Mission: Buzz Aldrin, Ray Bradbury and More Have Wished Upon the Moon" (Press release). The Planetary Society. January 11, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  250. "The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School at American Ballet Theatre". American Ballet Theatre. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
  251. Fitzpatrick, Elayne Wareing (2009). Traveling Backward. Xlibris, Corp. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4363-8242-7.
  252. McFadden, Robert D. (May 24, 1994). "DEATH OF A FIRST LADY: THE COMPANION; Quietly at Her Side, Public at the End". The New York Times. Retrieved September 14, 2014.
  253. Pottker, p.181
  254. Leitch, Will (December 2, 2016). "Jackie: Death Becomes Her". New Republic. Jackie has been played, in turn, by Jacyln Smith in a 1981 made-for-TV movie, Roma Downey in 1991's A Woman Named Jackie: The Bouvier Years, and Katie Holmes in the 2011 dramatization, The Kennedys, three actresses who are so different they hardly seem to occupy the same profession.
  255. O'Connor, John J. (October 14, 1981). "TV: 'Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy'". The New York Times.
  256. Heil, Emily (September 13, 2016). "Natalie Portman may be (finally) the Jackie Kennedy fans want". The Washington Post.
  257. Preston, Marrilyn (October 13, 1981). "'Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy' a naïve and misty look at the Camelot years". Chicago Tribune. p. 29.
  258. Shales, Tom (October 14, 1981). "Fame! Fortune! Jackie! Fluff!". The Washington Post.
  259. Pond, Neil (February 24, 2017). "First Ladies: Their Lives, Their Influence, Their Imitators". Parade.
  260. Hall, Jane (November 28, 1983). "20 Years Later". People.
  261. Bailey, Jason (March 10, 2009). "Kennedy: The Complete Series". DVD Talk.
  262. Mullaney, Andrea. "Kennedy". eyeforfilm.co.uk.
  263. Roberts, Jerry (2009). Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Scarecrow Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-8108-6138-1.
  264. Kilian, Michael (July 10, 1991). "Actresses Of All Sizes Take Self-assuredness To New Heights". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020.
  265. King, Susan (October 12, 1991). "A Woman Named Roma". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  266. Kahn, Eve (October 13, 1991). "TELEVISION; Clothes Help Make The Woman". The New York Times.
  267. Kilian, Michael (July 15, 1991). "Jackie Ode". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018.
  268. Kogan, Rick (October 11, 1991). "2 Hours Too Long: Mini-series On Jackie Kennedy Done In Pop-psych Pastels". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018.
  269. Rosenberg, Howard (October 11, 1991). "TV REVIEW : NBC's 'Jackie': Oh, No". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  270. Cooper, Chet. "Interview with Roma Downey". Ability.
  271. "1992 Emmy Winners". The New York Times. September 1, 1992.
  272. Willis, John (2000). Screen World 1993, Vol. 44 (John Willis Screen World). Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. p. 140. ISBN 978-1-55783-175-0.
  273. Shanley, Patrick (December 1, 2016). "Jackie Kennedy: 16 Actresses Who Have Played the Former First Lady". The Hollywood Reporter.
  274. Roth, Elizabeth Schulte (November 16, 2012). "Class Act". The Atlantan. Modern Luxury. Archived from the original on May 21, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  275. "Kennedy Movies". The Daily Beast. April 29, 2010.
  276. Brownfield, Paul (November 3, 2000). "They're Feeling Protective About Jackie". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2012. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
  277. Fries, Laura (November 1, 2000). "Review: 'Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis'". Variety. Joanne Whalley does her best to mirror the gracefulness and stoicism of Jackie, and even though her performance is at times appropriately soulful and regal, she lacks the charisma that was a major part of Jackie's appeal.
  278. Wertheimer, Ron (November 3, 2000). "TV WEEKEND; Rule No. 1: Smile. Appear Cool and Detached. Always". The New York Times.
  279. "Thirteen Days". pluggedin.com.
  280. French, Philip (March 18, 2001). "Thirteen Days". The Guardian.
  281. "Thirteen Days". Reeling Reviews. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
  282. Rosenberg, Howard (March 3, 2001). "Kennedy Tragedies Revisited in Weepy 'Women of Camelot'". Los Angeles Times.
  283. Soichet, Emmanuelle (September 16, 2001). "Familiar Faces in New Places". Los Angeles Times.
  284. Bobbin, Jay (March 4, 2001). "Kennedy Women: Miniseries Views Tragedy-plagued Lives Of Camelot". Chicago Tribune.
  285. "TELEVISION REVIEW; Back to the Kennedy Well, With a Focus on the Women". The New York Times. March 3, 2001. Jill Hennessy brings elegance and confidence to her portrayal of Jackie.
  286. "Picks and Pans Review: Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot". People. March 5, 2001. What counts is that Hennessy compares favorably to Joanne Whalley, this season's previous pretend Jackie. Hennessy brings charm and elegance to the role, achieving a nice balance of beguiling softness and cool pragmatism
  287. Oxman, Steve (March 1, 2001). "Review: 'Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot'". Variety.
  288. "America's Prince: The John F. Kennedy Jr. Story (2003)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
  289. Pierce, Scott D. (January 9, 2003). "JFK Jr. movie just plain bad". Deseret News.
  290. Genzlinger, Neil (January 11, 2003). "TELEVISION REVIEW; The Son of a Famous Father, Best Known for His Name". The New York Times.
  291. Tauer, Kristen (November 23, 2016). "Before Natalie Portman, These Actresses Have Also Portrayed Jackie Kennedy". Women's Wear Daily.
  292. "Tripplehorn adds color to 'Grey Gardens'". Reuters. November 5, 2007.
  293. Nussbaum, Emily (April 12, 2009). "Hampton Gothic". New York.
  294. Rohter, Larry (April 7, 2009). "'Grey Gardens,' Back Story Included". The New York Times. scene, which focuses on her complicated reaction to a visit to the ramshackle house. "I thought that by being in this project I would have some questions answered about exactly what was going on psychologically with Little Edie," Ms. Tripplehorn said.
  295. Patterson, Troy (April 17, 2009). "Decaying Preppies". Slate.
  296. "Grey Gardens". Los Angeles Times. April 18, 2009. Lange, we are reminded once again, is an actress who can do anything, anything, including play a bedraggled, gray-haired woman who stands amid piles of rotting garbage and cat feces, looks Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (a terrific Jeanne Tripplehorn) straight in the eye and says in her most beguiling tones: "You know, chicken, if you ever need a place to stay, you're always welcome here."
  297. Wiegand, David (April 18, 2009). "TV review: Drew Barrymore in 'Grey Gardens'". San Francisco Chronicle. The film also benefits from spot-on work by Ken Howard as Edith's husband, Phelan; Malcolm Gets as Edith's sycophantic piano accompanist in her younger days; and Jeanne Tripplehorn as Jacqueline Onassis.
  298. Lowry, Brian (April 9, 2009). "Review: 'Grey Gardens'". Variety.
  299. Andreeva, Nellie (October 13, 2014). "Katie Holmes To Return As Jackie O In 'The Kennedys: After Camelot' Reelz Mini". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
  300. Perez, Lexy (March 16, 2017). "Camelot' Premiere: Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry on Playing Icons and the Family's Legacy". The Hollywood Reporter.
  301. McNamara, Mary (April 1, 2011). "Television review: 'The Kennedys'". Los Angeles Times. Holmes is pretty as Jackie, but her emotions are confined to happy ("I love him") and sad ("He cheats on me"), with absolutely no nuance and only the occasional flash of spirit, intellect and inner strength that made Jacqueline Kennedy an icon in her own right.
  302. Stuever, Hank (March 31, 2011). "TV review: About the Kennedys, like the Kennedys, but never fully 'The Kennedys'". The Washington Post. And is Holmes's whispery Jackie sounding a tad Edith Bunker in the later episodes? She's not altogether terrible in the part, which doesn't give her a lot to work with; as written, Jackie is a jittery phantom in capri pants and Oleg Cassini gowns.
  303. "The Kennedys retreads of old grounds in life and lore of JFK". The Guardian. April 4, 2011.
  304. Bianco, Robert (January 13, 2017). "Katie Holmes compares her 'Jackie' to Natalie Portman's". USA Today.
  305. Stanhope, Kate (January 13, 2017). "Katie Holmes Talks Reprising Jackie Kennedy Role After 'Jackie': There's Room for Both". The Hollywood Reporter.
  306. "Matthew Perry on Ted Kennedy: "By far the most challenging role I've ever played"". Star Tribune. March 30, 2017.
  307. Feinberg, Daniel (March 31, 2017). "'The Kennedys: After Camelot': TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter.
  308. Keane, Allison (March 31, 2017). "'The Kennedys – After Camelot' Review: Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry Take on Accents, Accountability". Collider. Holmes embodies the reserved but hopeful Jackie much more so than Perry feels right as Ted (though Holmes has had more practice at it). But the reality is that the material is never more than a boilerplate biopic, plodding along with a conventional set up and a schmaltzy score that tries to infuse emotion where it hasn't been earned.
  309. Turnquist, Kristi (April 1, 2017). "'The Kennedys: After Camelot' buries Katie Holmes, Matthew Perry in bad wigs and lousy writing (review)". The Oregonian.
  310. Derschowitz, Jessica (May 25, 2012). "Minka Kelly to play Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'". CBS News.
  311. Cress, Jennifer (February 8, 2013). "Minka Kelly: 'I'm Not Worthy' of Acting with Oprah". People.
  312. "Minka Kelly: It Was "Intimidating" Playing Jackie Kennedy in 'The Butler'". Life & Style. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
  313. Hibberd, James (May 28, 2013). "Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 28, 2013. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
  314. Barnes, Bronwyn (June 20, 2013). "Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy: Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes? – POLL". Entertainment Weekly.
  315. Truitt, Brian (November 10, 2013). "Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy's intimate side". USA Today.
  316. "'Killing Kennedy': Co-star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK". Fox News. November 8, 2013.
  317. Carson, Tom (November 8, 2013). "The GQ Review: Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics". GQ.
  318. Miller, Bruce (November 9, 2013). "Review: 'Killing Kennedy' offers respectful but grating view of assassination". Sioux City Journal.
  319. Lloyd, Robert (November 8, 2013). "Review: 'Killing Kennedy' is not the stuff of legend". Los Angeles Times.
  320. Lowry, Brian (November 5, 2013). "TV Review: 'Killing Kennedy'". Variety.
  321. McNary, Dave (August 19, 2015). "Kim Allen Cast as Jackie Kennedy in Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'". Variety.
  322. "TIFF FILM REVIEW: Rob Reiner's 'LBJ'". thecliffedge.com. September 15, 2016.
  323. Hopewell, John (May 14, 2015). "Natalie Portman to Star as Jacqueline Kennedy in New Drama (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  324. Whipp, Glenn (January 26, 2017). "Natalie Portman's four steps — some simple, some not — to becoming Jackie Kennedy". Los Angeles Times.
  325. Gurrrasio, Jason (September 14, 2016). "How Natalie Portman prepared for her Oscar-worthy performance as Jackie Kennedy". Business Insider. Retrieved October 9, 2016.
  326. Smith, Nigel M. "Natalie Portman: bringing Jackie Onassis back to life". The Guardian.
  327. Dargis, Manohla (December 1, 2016). "'Jackie': Under the Widow's Weeds, a Myth Marketer". The New York Times.
  328. Edelstein, David (December 1, 2016). "Jackie Is Brutally Intimate and Admirably Brittle". Vulture. Apart from that voice, Portman is so damn smart. She nails Jackie's irreducible mix of shyness and slyness, each quality reinforcing the other. She also understands what the White House refurbishment meant for Jackie's sense of self.
  329. Bradshaw, Peter (January 19, 2017). "Jackie review – Natalie Portman intelligent and poised as JFK's widow". The Guardian.
  330. "Natalie Portman on her Oscar nomination for Jackie role". BBC. February 20, 2017.
  331. "Nicole Kidman, Mel Gibson win AACTA international awards ahead of Golden Globes". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. January 7, 2017.
  332. Merin, Jennifer (December 16, 2016). "2016 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees". Alliance of Women Film Journalists. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  333. Anderson, Erik (December 15, 2016). "Austin Film Critics Association (AFCA) Nominations: The Handmaiden Lands Top Mentions, Trevante Rhodes Double Nominated". AwardsWatch.com. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  334. "The 2016 Chicago Film Critics Association Award Nominees". Chicago Film Critics Association. December 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  335. "20th Annual Online Film Critics Society Awards Nominations". Online Film Critics Society. December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
  336. Gaudette, Emily (December 18, 2017). "The Queen and Jackie Kennedy's Blood-covered Dress: Did Elizabeth Really Meet Jacqueline Onassis?". Newsweek. Retrieved December 23, 2017.

Bibliography

Honorary titles
Preceded by
Mamie Eisenhower
First Lady of the United States
1961–1963
Succeeded by
Lady Bird Johnson
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.