Paul Dussaussoy

Paul Dussaussoy was born on 6 January 1860 in Dunkirk, Nord.[1] His family were great industrialists in the Nord region.[2] His grandfather, Omer Dussaussoy, was a deputy during the July Monarchy.[3] His father, Paul Antoine Dussaussoy-Hubert (1820–87), was a Bonapartiste who was deputy for Pas-de-Calais from 1876–78 and 1885–87.[2][3] His wife, Marthe Leduc, was the sister of Jeanne Leduc, wife of the industrialist and politician Jean Plichon.[4]

Paul Dussaussoy became an advocate at the Paris Court of Appeal.[1] In 1889 he was elected councilor for the canton of Marquise in the Pas-de-Calais general council.[2] He ran for election to the legislature for the 2nd constituency of Boulogne, Pas-de-Calais, in 1893.[2] Dussaussoy was a Republican and an advocate of social reforms.[2] He was elected deputy on 3 September 1893, and reelected on 22 May 1898, holding office until 31 May 1902.[5] Both elections were decided in the second round of voting.[2]

Dussaussoy was very popular among rural voters in his constituency. He was very hostile to the "odious privileges of the vintage distillers" and was in favour of women's votes."[6] Dussaussoy was certain that voting was a "necessary civic experience for all members of a democracy".[7] He was in favour of electing senators by universal suffrage and proportional representation for deputies. He was most active in discussions on budget issues, but was involved in debates on many other topics. In 1895 he proposed a bill through which unions could own buildings and receive donations. In 1897 his proposed change to the recruitment laws was accepted.[2]

Dussaussoy joined the Popular Liberal Action (Action libérale populaire), a mostly Catholic party.[8] The Action libérale populaire party was founded by Jacques Piou in 1901. It was opposed to arbitrary anti-clerical measures, and stood for freedom of association, education and religion.[9] In the 1902 elections Dussaussoy ran on this platform and was narrowly defeated by Louis Mill of the Ligue d'union républicaine.[2]

Dussaussoy was again elected deputy for Pas-de-Calais on 20 May 1906, holding office until his death in 1909. In his third term he was less active in debates.[2] He called for workers' pensions with an age limit set at 55 or 60, for family benefits and for legislation to assist trade unions, cooperatives and mutual aid societies.[9] Dussaussoy introduced a proposal for women's suffrage in 1906.[10] The bill would give women the right to vote in elections for municipal, district and departmental councilors.[2] He was the first in France to advocate votes for women, a very advanced position at the time.[11] For example, in a 1907 pamphlet the Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau declared that if women were given the vote France would return to the Middle Ages.[7]

Paul Dussaussoy died on 15 March 1909 in the 16th arrondissement of Paris after a short illness.[2]

Dussaussoy's proposal that women be allowed to vote in municipal and local elections was to be followed by the right to vote in national elections. The rapporteur of the committee that examined the proposal was Ferdinand Buisson[lower-alpha 1] (1841–1932), a Radical who was sympathetic to women's suffrage, unlike most Radicals.[8] In November 1907 the General Council of the Seine yielded to pressure from the leading French feminist Hubertine Auclert and gave its support to the bill. The bill was pushed to the bottom of the agenda of the committee on voting rules.[8] The President of the committee judged it important to separate the question of votes for women from the more important question of proportional representation, which was considered first. Buisson submitted a separate report on women's suffrage on 16 July 1909, some months after Dussaussoy's death.[12] Buisson's report supported the proposition.[7] The text was published with many annexes in a collection of parliamentary studies in 1911.[12]

Discussion was delayed until 1913, then postponed indefinitely.[10] The Chamber of Deputies finally debated the bill in May 1919. The former prime minister René Viviani gave an eloquent speech in its support, and the chamber voted in its favour by 344 to 97.[13] 73 of the 76 SFIO deputies of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), the socialist party voted for the Dussaussoy-Buisson bill.[14][lower-alpha 2] The Senate also had to approve the bill before it could become law, and delayed their discussion until November 1922. The Senate brought up many of the old arguments against giving women the vote, such as the effect on the status of the husband as head of the family.[13] The senate opposed the law on the basis that women would be too easily influenced by the church.[11] Despite the defeat of the bill, it was reintroduced in each subsequent legislature by the group defending the rights of women.[11][lower-alpha 3]