Pomacanthidae

Marine angelfish are perciform fish of the family Pomacanthidae. They are found on shallow reefs in the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and mostly western Pacific Oceans. The family contains seven genera and about 86 species. They should not be confused with the freshwater angelfish, tropical cichlids of the Amazon Basin.

Marine angelfish
French angelfish, Pomacanthus paru
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Superfamily: Percoidea
Family: Pomacanthidae
Jordan & Evermann, 1898[1]
Genera

See text

Description
Royal angelfish, Pygoplites diacanthus from East Timor

With their bright colours and deep, laterally compressed bodies, marine angelfishes are some of the more conspicuous residents of the reef. They most closely resemble the butterflyfishes, a related family of similarly showy reef fish. Marine angelfish are distinguished from butterflyfish by the presence of strong preopercle spines (part of the gill covers) in the former. This feature also explains the family name Pomacanthidae; from the Greek πομα, poma meaning "cover" and ακάνθα, akantha meaning "thorn".

Many species of marine angelfishes have streamer-like extensions of the soft dorsal and anal fins. The fish have small mouths, relatively large pectoral fins, and rounded to lunate tail fins. The largest species, the gray angelfish, Pomacanthus arcuatus, may reach a length of 60 cm (24 in); at the other extreme, members of the genus Centropyge do not exceed 15 cm (5.9 in). A length of 20 to 30 cm (7.9 to 11.8 in) is typical for the rest of the family. The smaller species are popular amongst aquarists, whereas the largest species are occasionally sought as a food fish; however, ciguatera poisoning has been reported as a result of eating marine angelfish.

Angelfish vary in color and are very hardy fish. They can easily adapt to pH and hardness changes in water and can handle conditions that are not considered to be perfect. They are usually a long-living species and are easy to care for. They were very expensive in the aquarium trade when first discovered, but have become more popular and therefore less pricey.

The queen angelfish grows to be 45 cm (18 in). With neon blue and yellow scales and iridescent purple and orange markings, surprisingly it is not conspicuous, and actually hides very well, and is very shy.

As juveniles, some species are different colors than when they reach adulthood. For example, the Blue Angelfish is a vibrant, electric blue color with black and white stripes or spots. When they reach adulthood, they turn a grayish color with yellow and blue fins and dark spots on their bodies.

Behavior

The larger species are also quite bold and seemingly fearless; they are known to approach divers. While the majority adapts easily to captive life, some are specialist feeders which are difficult to maintain. Feeding habits can be strictly defined through genus, with Genicanthus species feeding on zooplankton and Centropyge preferring filamentous algae. Other species focus on sessile benthic invertebrates; sponges, tunicates, bryozoans, and hydroids are staples. On Caribbean coral reefs, angelfishes primarily eat sponges, and have an important role in preventing the overgrowth of reef-building corals by eating faster-growing sponge species.[2][3]

Most marine angelfishes restrict themselves to the shallows of the reef, seldom venturing deeper than 50 m (160 ft). The recently described Centropyge abei is known to inhabit depths of 150 m (490 ft). They are diurnal animals, hiding amongst the nooks and crevices of the reef by night. Some species are solitary in nature and form highly territorial mated pairs; others form harems with a single male dominant over several females. As juveniles, some species may eke out a living as cleaner fish.

Reproduction

Common to many species is a dramatic shift in coloration associated with maturity. For example, young male ornate angelfish, Genicanthus bellus, have broad, black bands and are indistinguishable from females; as they mature, bright orange bands develop on the flanks and back. Thought to correspond to social rank, these colour shifts are not necessarily confined to males; all marine angelfish species are known to be protogynous hermaphrodites. This means that if the dominant male of a harem is removed, a female will turn into a functional male.

As pelagic spawners, marine angelfishes release many tiny buoyant eggs into the water which then become part of the plankton. The eggs float freely with the currents until hatching, with a high number falling victim to planktonic feeders.

In aquariums, two fish usually will breed within their community but will harass other fish in the tank, so it is best they have their own with plenty of room.

Characteristics
Centropage bispinosa
  • Two-spined angelfish, (Centropage bispinosa) also known as the "coral beauty" or "dusky angelfish" has a vibrant blue or darkish purple body with a reddish-yellow underside that is usually covered in stripes.
  • These stripes vary from purple, red and orange, and may even appear as spots.
  • It is highly demanded in the tropical aquarium trade, but is at low risk on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  • The Coral Beauty Angelfish is native to the Indo-Pacific Ocean, usually found in shallow reefy waters or sometimes in deep waters.
  • They feed on algae and hide in coral reefs and lagoons in the wild.
  • The Two-spined angelfish usually reaches up to 3 inches and have a rounded caudal fin.
  • In aquarium life they nibble on corals and rocks and are considered to be starter fish. They have a high metabolism so feeding only needs to occur every other day.


Pomacanthus semicirculatus
  • The blue angelfish,[4][5][6] (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) is a vibrant, electric blue color with black and white stripes and sometimes spots as a juvenile. It turns a grayish color with dark spots and sometimes yellow and blue accents as an adult.
  • Found in stony and soft corals and are more likely to be found in vibrantly colored corals as juveniles.
  • Dorsal and pelvic fin help with speed.
  • Tend to hide from predators in dark areas.
  • Vibrant electric blue color allows them to pose as toxic to predators.
  • There are 13 different species in the Pomacanthus genus.
  • Rarely travel in schools and can grow up to 40 cm.
  • Can live up to 25+ years. [7]
Centropage bispinosa
 Twospined angelfish (Centropyge bispinosus)(Gunther, 1860) (Saltwater angelfish) Indo-Pacific Ocean, Fiji, Indonesia, Vanuatu
Pomacanthus semicirculatus
 Pomacanthus semicirculatus (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) (Goode, 1876) (Saltwater angelfish) Indo-Pacific Ocean, Australia, Merimbula, New South Wales
  • Usually non-aggressive but can become territorial in full or smaller tanks. It is not recommended that they share a tank with sessile invertebrates or stony corals with polyps because they tend to bite at corals and hard rocks or shells. They have a high metabolism so feeding only needs to occur every other day. They are omnivores who feed on algae and meat. They need a tank with many suitable hiding places and water at a temperature of at least 80 °F.
  • Marine angelfish were introduced to the United States sometime in 1917. They were then a rare fish, and therefore highly desired. People would pay high prices for these fish, especially a mating pair which was worth someone's salary for an entire week. Breeding was not successful at first, but breeders and hobbyists eventually became more advanced at the process and were able to successfully breed them in small numbers, mostly in the silvery colors. In the 1980s, commercial fish farming had become much more popular and fish farms in Florida were breeding different colors, species and sizes of angelfish. When The Black Plague hit in 1989, it caused a shut down of commercial fish farms, resulting in these fish being unavailable for a few years. These fish are now highly popular in the aquarium trade and a variety of species can be found all around the world in tanks or natural waters.


Blue ring Angelfish Pomacanthus annularis at Bomb bay, Netrani Island, India

Taxonomy

There are 88 species in eight genera:[8][9]

ImageGenusNumber of Living Species
Apolemichthys M. Burton, 19348
Centropyge Kaup, 186035
Chaetodontoplus Bleeker, 187613
Genicanthus Swainson, 183910
Holacanthus Lacépède, 18038
Paracentropyge W. E. Burgess, 19921
Pomacanthus Lacépède, 180213
Pygoplites Fraser-Brunner, 19331

Timeline
QuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocenePomacanthusQuaternaryNeogenePaleogeneHolocenePleist.MioceneOligoceneEocenePaleocene

References
  1. Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230.
  2. Loh, T-L; Pawlik, JR (2014). "Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (11): 4151–4156. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4151L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1321626111. PMC 3964098. PMID 24567392.
  3. "Angels on the Pinnacle". French and gray angelfishes eating sponges on Conch Reef, Florida Keys.
  4. "Pomacanthus semicirculatus: Pyle, R., Myers, R., Rocha, L.A. & Craig, M.T.". 2009-10-08. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2010-4.rlts.t165851a6148505.en. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Kondo, Shigeru; Asai, Rihito (August 1995). "A reaction–diffusion wave on the skin of the marine angelfish Pomacanthus". Nature. 376 (6543): 765–768. Bibcode:1995Natur.376..765K. doi:10.1038/376765a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 24547605. S2CID 4327563.
  6. "Pomacanthus semicirculatus summary page". FishBase. Retrieved 2020-04-29.
  7. Lass, David A. (2012). Angelfish : Understanding and Keeping Angelfish. I5 Publishing. ISBN 978-1-62008-001-6. OCLC 1058193506.
  8. Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Pomacanthidae" in FishBase. December 2006 version.
  9. Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Pomacanthidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 January 2021.

Further reading
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.