Professional mourning

Professional mourning or paid mourning is an occupation that originates from Egyptian, Chinese, Mediterranean and Near Eastern cultures. Professional mourners, also called moirologists and mutes, are compensated to lament or deliver a eulogy and help comfort and entertain the grieving family. Mentioned in the Bible[1] and other religious texts, the occupation is widely invoked and explored in literature, from the Ugaritic epics of early centuries BC to modern poetry.[citation needed] Held in high esteem in some cultures and times, the practice was vilified in others, such as the Chinese Cultural Revolution.[2] Female professional mourners also, called Rudaali, were common in many parts of India, especially in the Western Indian state of Rajasthan.

Mourner, suspected to represent Isis mourning Osiris. 18th dynasty, 1550–1295 BC. Terra cotta

Professional mourning is still practiced in China and other Asian countries. In fact, some cultures even think that the use of professional mourners brings a certain religious and historical application to funeral processions.[3]

History

Most of the people hired to perform the act of professional mourning were women. Men were deemed unfit for this because they were supposed to be strong and leaders of the family, unwilling to show any sort of raw emotion like grief, which is why women were professional mourners. It was socially acceptable to express grief for women, and expressing grief is important when it comes to mourning a body in terms of religion.[4] Also, in a world full of jobs solely made for men, it gave women a sense of pride that they were actually able to earn money in some way.[4] Mourners were also seen as a sign of wealth. The more wailers or mourners that followed a casket around, the more respected that the deceased was in the society.[5]

Egypt
Egyptian mourners inscribed on a tomb

In ancient Egypt, the mourners would be "making an ostentatious display of grief which included loud wailing, beating exposed breasts, smearing the body with dirt and dishevelled hair; all signs of uncontrolled behavior, the disorder of sorrow" (Capel, 1996). There are many inscriptions on tombs and pyramids of crowds of people following a body throughout the funerary procession.[5] However, the most important of the women were the two that impersonated the two gods Isis and Nephthys.

Isis and Nephyts were both Egyptian gods that were believed to play a special role when someone died. They were to be impersonated as a mourning ritual by professional mourners. In most inscriptions seen, one of them is at either ends of the corpse.[5] There are also rules for impersonation of these two gods, for example the portrayer's body had to be shaved completely, not have any children, and tattooed the names Isis or Nephyts on their shoulders for identification.[5] Evidence of professional mourning is seen in Ancient Egypt through different pyramid and tomb inscriptions. Different inscriptions show women next to tombs holding their bodies in such ways that show sorrow, such as "hands holding their back of the neck, crossing their arms on their chests, kneeling and/or bending their bodies forwards" (Valdesago, 2014).

China

Professional mourners have been regular attendees of Chinese funerals since 756.[6] The tradition of professional mourning stemmed from theatrical performances that would occur during funerary processions.[6] There would be musical performances at funerals stemming as early as the third century. Actors would play the role of the deceased and play out different aspects of their lives, as described in the following scene:

"...set up wooden figures of Xiang Yu and Liu Bang participating in the banquet at Goose Gate. The show lasted quite some time. This performance was part of a funeral procession during the Dali reign (766–779) as the coffin of the deceased was being carried on the streets to his tomb site. The main funerary ritual had taken place at the house of the deceased, and now the mourners were walking in the funeral procession, along with a troupe of performers. The latter performance of this celebrated episode of the feast at the Goose Gate (Hongmen) from the Three Kingdoms saga was preceded by the enactment of a combat scene between two celebrated soldiers in history that was performed alongside the procession" (Hong, 2016).

Most of the historical evidence of mourning exists in the form of inscriptions on the different panels of tombs. Each slab contains a different story, and by the analysis of these inscriptions we are able to tell that these were played out during the funeral. For example:

"Each scene—the preparation of food, the groom with a horse, and the entertainment – is unfailingly reminiscent of classical representations that adorn many tomb walls or coffin surfaces created since the Hand period...these motifs are generally understood by students of Chinese funerary art as a banquet for the deceased...it is clear they represent the deceased couple because of the motif's strong connection to traditional representations of performances prepared for tomb occupants" (-Hong, 2016)

The idea of entertainment at funerals was not always popular, especially with the government and scholars. In fact, during the Cultural Revolution in China professional mourning was actually so looked down upon and rallied against by the government that there wasn't a single instance of professional mourning until it was revitalized in the reform era.[7]

In the Bible

Professional mourning is brought up many times throughout the Bible. For example in Amos,

"Therefore thus says the LORD God of hosts, the Lord, "There is wailing in all the plazas, And in all the streets they say, 'Alas! Alas!' They also call the farmer to mourning And professional mourners to lamentation" (Amos 5:16).

According to Biblical analysts, this verse is implying that lamentation is like an art. People who were deemed "good" at wailing and moaning were then able to take part in more and more funerals, and were expected to make these moaning sounds.[8] The people who fulfilled the roles of these professional mourners were farmers who were done cropping for their season, and didn't have much else to do, so they took on this role for the extra money it would get them.[8]

Another instance of professional mourning worth noting is in Chronicles, the Bible says

"Then Jeremiah chanted a lament for Josiah. And all the male and female singers speak about Josiah in their lamentations to this day. And they made them an ordinance in Israel; behold, they are also written in the Lamentations." (2 Chronicles 35:25).

When someone of power dies, in this case Josiah, everyone can fill the role of mourner, professionals aren't needed because everyone feels the weight of the loss. Everyone becomes the professional mourner.

In the book of Jeremiah,

"Thus says the Lord of hosts, “Consider and call for the mourning women, that they may come; And send for the wailing women, that they may come! “Let them make haste and take up a wailing for us,That our eyes may shed tears and our eyelids flow with water" (Jeremiah 9: 17–18 ).

These three quotes from the Bible are just three of many that pertain to professional mourning.

According to the book Mourner, Mother, Midwife, women played an integral part when it came to mourning. "Wailing women are called to lead the people in expressions of grief in response to the national tragedy that saw the destruction of Zion. These women who are called to 'raise a dirge over us' are literally called 'wise women.' This can also be translated as 'skilled women' (Jer. 9:17 [MT16]), suggesting that the art of mourning is a skill that has to be learned. The role of the wailing woman constituted a professional trade that required training. . . . On the appropriate occasion (a funeral or a national tragedy like the one that form the backdrop of Jeremiah 9), wailing women not only had to be able to draw on the reservoir of lament handed down through the generations, but they also had to adapt these laments to suit the particular need of the current situation. . . . Their laments represent the community’s response in the face of extreme trauma."[9]

Modern practice

In the eyes of the average modern professional mourner, they are performers. A common ritual in China involves the family paying the mourners in advance and bringing them in lavish style to the place the funeral will take place. The mourners are trained in the art of singing and bring a band with them.[7] The first step is for the mourners to line up outside and crawl.[3] While crawling, the mourner says with anguish the name of the person.[7] This is symbolic of daughters running home from their families in an effort to see the body. Next, a eulogy is performed in loud, sobbing, fashion and backed up by dramatic instrumental tunes, driving the attendees to tears. One of the common lines used during these eulogies are:

"Why did you leave us so soon? The earth is covered in a black veil for you. The rivers and streams are crying to tell your story – that of an honest man,’ Hu sings.

‘I shed tears for your children and grandchildren. We’re so sorry we could not keep you here,’ she croons between sobs" (Lim,2013).

Then the family is told to bow in front of the casket three times, and suddenly a belly dancer takes the so called "stage" and the song picks up, lights start flashing, and everyone is upbeat again. Since the funeral is usually a couple of days after the actual death, the goal of the professional mourner is to remind everyone attending the funeral about the sadness and pain that is associated with when someone passes away. They also have the job of bringing the mood right back up with lighting and fun songs after the wailing and mourning is done.[7]

In the United Kingdom, a company called "Rent A Mourner" (now defunct[10]) enabled families to increase the number of guests at a funeral by hiring actors to play a role, for example, a distant cousin or uncle.[11] Mourners were expected to be able to interact with guests without giving away that they had been hired by the family. This practice spans across religions, mourners have been hired at Jewish, and Christian events.[11] These mourners were paid somewhere between $30 - $120 per event, not including potential tips.[11]

In Egypt, when someone in the family dies the women in the family would start the lamenting process, and the neighbors and the community would join throughout the day. Professional mourners would also come up and help lead the family in mourning by making grief-stricken shrieks, cherishing and reminiscing about the deceased. A funeral dirge is also performed by the mourners in which prayers are offered in the form of song or poetry.[12] One of the teachings of Muhammad was that the sound of wailing woman was forbidden, but modern Egyptian culture does not heed to this part of the Quran as the wailing and mourners follow the body to the graveyard.[12] All of this occurs within the same day, or if the deceased were to pass away in the night, the following day.[12]

Films
  • The Indian film Rudaali (1993), directed by Kalpana Lajmi and set in Rajasthan, is about the life of a professional mourner, or Rudaali.[13]
  • The short documentary Tabaki (2001), directed by Bahman Kiarostami, follows the lives of "mourners for hire".[14]
  • The Philippine film Crying Ladies (2003), directed by Mark Meily, follows the lives of three women who work as professional mourners, set in the Philippines.[15]
  • The Japanese film Miewoharu (2016), directed by Akiyo Fujumura. It is centered around Eriko, a woman that comes back to her home town to mourn her sister. After spending 10 years in Tokyo pursuing an acting career she then discovers her vocation as professional mourner.[16]
  • The British spy movie Funeral In Berlin (1966), directed by Guy Hamilton and starring Michael Caine, has a "mourner for hire" as part of the plot to exfiltrate a defector from East Berlin.[17]

Literature
  • In Honoré de Balzac's landmark novel Le Père Goriot (1835), the title character's funeral is attended by two professional mourners rather than his daughters.[18]
  • In E. M. Forster's novel Howards End (1910), for his wife's funeral, Charles Wilcox retains women to serve as mourners "from the dead woman's district, to whom black garments had been served out."[19]
  • In Zakes Mda's novel Ways of Dying (1995), Toloki is a self-employed professional mourner.[20]
  • In his 2014 novel Ghost Month, author Ed Lin states that professional mourners are available for hire in contemporary Taiwan.

Television
  • In the episode "Grave Danger" of The Cleveland Show, the title character Cleveland Brown, along with his friends Lester, Holt, Tim the Bear, and Dr. Fist, temporarily become professional mourners and sit in on several funerals while spending time at Stoolbend Cemetery.
  • In the episode "Death" in the travel documentary The Moaning of Life, host Karl Pilkington travels to Taiwan to train with a professional mourner and attends a memorial service.
  • In the episode "The Princess" of Rita, Uffe suggest that Rita may need a professional mourner to help her grieve after the death of her mother.
  • In the episode "Insufficient Praise" of Curb Your Enthusiasm, Richard's new girlfriend is a professional crier who places Larry in a number of predicaments.

Music
  • Hank Williams' song "Nobody's Lonesome for Me" contains the lyric, "When the time comes around for me to lay down and die, I bet I'll have to go and hire me someone to cry".

See also
  • Claque, an organized body of professional applauders in France
  • Grief
  • Keening, a form of vocal lament associated with mourning that is traditional in Ireland, Scotland, and other cultures.
  • Placebo (at funeral), someone who came to a funeral, claiming (often falsely) a connection with the deceased to try to get a share of any food and/or drink being handed out
  • Funeral#Mutes and professional mourners

References
  1. "Mourning: Hired Mourners". Bible Hub.
  2. Yiwu, Liao Yiwu (2009). The Corpse Walker. Anchor. ISBN 978-0-307-38837-7.
  3. Lim, Louisa Lim (2013-06-23). "Belly Dancing For The Dead: A Day With China's Top Mourner". WNYC.
  4. Arbel, Vita (2012). Forming Femininity in Antiquity. ISBN 978-0-19-983777-9.
  5. "Requirements of Professional Mourners in Ancient Egypt. - María Rosa Valdesogo". María Rosa Valdesogo (in Spanish). 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
  6. Hong, Jeehee (2016). Theater Of The Dead. University of Hawaii Press.
  7. "Performing at funerals: professional mourners in Chongqing and Chengdu". Danwei.org. July 23, 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-07-26.
  8. "Amos 5 Commentary - John Gill's Exposition on the Whole Bible". StudyLight.org. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  9. See "Bible Women who Led Celebrations & Lamentations | Marg Mowczko". Marg Mowczko. 2013-08-01. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
  10. "Rent A Mourner". www.rentamourner.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-03-28. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  11. "I'm Paid To Mourn At Funerals (And It's A Growing Industry)". Cracked.com. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
  12. Abbott, Lyman; Conant, Thomas Jefferson (1885). A Dictionary of Religious Knowledge, for Popular and Professional Use: Comprising Full Information on Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Subjects. With Several Hundred Maps and Illustrations. Harper & brothers.
  13. "Rudaali". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2014-09-01.
  14. "Tabaki". IMDB. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  15. "Crying Ladies". IMDB. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
  16. "Miewoharu". IMDB. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
  17. "Funeral In Berlin". IMDB. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
  18. Balzac, Honoré de. Father Goriot. (The Works of Honoré de Balzac. Vol. XIII.) Philadelphia: Avil Publishing Company, 1901.
  19. Forster, E. M. Howards End. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1910.
  20. Zakes., Mda (2002). Ways of dying : a novel (1st Picador USA ed.). New York: Picador USA. ISBN 978-0-312-42091-8. OCLC 49550849.
  • Footnote 1 in Sabar, Y. (1976). "Lel-Huza: Story and History in a Cycle of Lamentations for the Ninth of Ab in the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Zakho, Iraqi Kurdistan." Journal of Semitic Studies (21) 138–162.
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