Proto-Iroquoian language

Proto-Iroquoian is the name given to the hypothetical proto-language of the Iroquoian languages. Lounsbury (1961) estimated from glottochronology a time depth of 3,500 to 3,800 years for the split of North and South Iroquoian.

Proto-Iroquoian
Reconstruction ofIroquoian languages
Eraca. 1500 BCE

At the time of early European contact, French explorers in the 16th century encountered villages along the St. Lawrence River, now associated with the St. Lawrence Iroquoian. Other better known northern tribes took over their territory and displaced them, and were later encountered by more French, European and English colonists. These tribes included the Huron and Neutral in modern-day Ontario, first encountered by French explorers and traders; the Five Nations of the Iroquois League in Upstate New York and Pennsylvania, and the Erie Nation and Susquehannock peoples in Pennsylvania.

Southern speakers of Iroquoian languages ranged from the Cherokee in the Great Smoky Mountains, to the Tuscarora and Nottoway in the interior near the modern Virginia/North Carolina border.

Subdivisions

The Iroquoian languages are usually divided into two main groups: Southern Iroquoian (Cherokee) and Northern Iroquoian (all others) based on the great differences in vocabulary and modern phonology. Northern Iroquoian is further divided by Lounsbury and Mithun into Proto-Tuscarora-Nottoway and Lake Iroquoian. Julian (2010) does not believe Lake Iroquoian to be a valid subgrouping.

History of studies

Isolated studies were done by Chafe (1977a), Michelson (1988), and Rudes (1995). There have also been several works of internal reconstruction for daughter languages, in particular Seneca and Mohawk. A preliminary full reconstruction of proto-Iroquoian was not provided until Charles Julian's (2010) work.

Phonology

Proto-Iroquoian as reconstructed shares the Iroquoian languages' notable typological traits of small consonant inventories, complex consonant clusters, and a lack of labial consonants.

Vowels

The reconstructed vowel inventory for Proto-Iroquoian is:[1]

Front Central Back
Close i   iː u   uː
Mid e   eː   ẽ   ẽː o   oː   õ   õː
Open a   aː

Like later Iroquoian languages, Proto-Iroquoian is distinguished in having nasal vowels /õ/ and /ẽ/, although it has more than in its daughter languages.

Consonants

The reconstructed consonant inventory for Proto-Iroquoian is given in the table below. The consonants of all Iroquoian languages pattern so that they may be grouped as (oral) obstruents, sibilants, laryngeals, and resonants (Lounsbury 1978:337).

Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive t k   kʷ ʔ
Affricate ts
Fricative s h
Nasal n
Approximant ɹ j w

Morphology

Reconstructed functional morphemes from Julian (2010):

Reconstructed functional morphemes from Julian (2010)
No.GlossProto-IroquoianProto-Northern
Iroquoian
1'negative'*teɁ
2'coincident' (perhaps also relativizer)*ts
3'contrastive'*thi
4'partitive'*ijiː
5'translocative'*wi
6'factual'*waɁ
7'duplicative'*teː
8'future'*ẽː
9'optative'*aɹa
10'cislocative'*t
11'repetitive'*ts
12'non-singular animate'*ka
13'1:2.SG'*kõː
14'1:2.DU'*kni
15'1:2.PL'*kwa
16'2:1.SG'*hskʷi
17'2:1.DU'*hskniː
18'2:1.PL'*hskʷ…
19'1SG:3'*ki
201SG:3A' (> PNI '1SG:3I')*kiji
21'1SG:3M'*he or *hɹi
22'2SG:3'*hsi
232SG:3A' (> PNI '2SG:3I')*hsiji
24'2SG:3M'*hehse
25'3:1SG'*wakʷi
263A:1SG' (> PNI '3I:1SG')*jõːkʷi
27'3M:1SG'*hɹake
28'3:2SG'*tsa
293A:2SG' (> PNI 3I:2SG')*jeːtsa
30'3M:2SG'*hja
31'2DU&3'*tsniː
32'2DU&3M'*hshetsni
33'2PL&3'*ts…
34'2PL&3M'*hshetswa
35'2NS&3I'*jetshi
36'1+2DU:3'*tniː
37'1+2DU:3M'*hshetni
38'1+2PL:3'*t…
39'1+2PL:3M'*hshetwa
40'1+3DU:3'*jakni
41'1+3DU:3M'*hshakni
42'1+3PL:3'*jakwa
43'1+3PL:3M'*hshakwa
44'3:1DU'*kniː
45'3M:1DU'*hshõkni
46'3:1PL'*kʷ…
47'3M:1PL'*hshõkwa
48'1+2NS:3I' (limited to Iroquoia)*jethi
491+3NS:3I' (> Hu. 1NS:3I)*jakhi
503I:1NS' (> Tu. '1NS&3I')*jõkhi
51'3SG:3' (lexically determined variant 1)*ka
52'3SG:3' (lexically determined variant 2)*wa
53'3SGM:3'*hɹa
54'3:3SG'*juː
55'3:3SGM'*hɹo
56'3DU:3'*kni
57'3DUM:3'*hni
583NS:3' (> PNI '3PL:3')*wantiː
59'3PL:3' (second variant, in competition with *wati, #58)*kõti
60'3PLM:3'*hɹati
61'3:3NS'*juːntiː
62'3:3NSM'*hɹoti
63'3I:3'*je
64'3:3I'*jako
65'3SGM:3I'*hshako
663A:3SGA' (> Ch. '3NS:3SG', PNI '3I:3SG')*kõːwa
67'3I:3SGM'*hɹõwa
683A:3NSA' (> Ch. '3NS:3NS', PNI '3I:3NS')*kõːwantiː
69'3I:3NSM'*hɹõwati
70'3NS:3I' (limited to Iroquoia)*jakoti
71'3NSM:3I' (limited to Iroquoia)*hshakoti
72'2:1.SG.IMP'*take
73'2:1.DU.IMP'*takni
74'1:2.PL.IMP'*takwa
75'2SG:3.IMP'*tse
76'reflexive'*ataːt
77'semireflexive' (lexically determined variant 1)*at
78'semireflexive' (lexically determined variant 2)*aɹ
79'joiner vowel'*a
80'nominalizer' (lexically determined variant 1)*hsɹ
81'nominalizer' (lexically determined variant 2)*Ɂtshɹ
82'causative-instrumental' (lexically determined variant 1)*t
83'causative-instrumental' (lexically determined variant 2)*hst
84'instrumental'*hkw
85'reversive' (PNI lexically determined variant 1)*kʷ
86'reversive' (lexically determined variant 2)*hsj
87'inchoative'*Ɂ
88'dative-benefactive' (PNI lexically determined variant 1)*ts
89'dative-benefactive' (lexically determined variant 2)*ẽ
90'dative-benefactive' (lexically determined variant 3)*ni
91'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 1)*n
92'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 2)*h
93'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 3)*ts
94'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 4)*tsɹ
95'dislocative' (lexically determined variant 5, limited to Iroquoia)*ɹ
96'distributive' (lexically determined variant 1)*njõː
97'distributive' (lexically determined variant 2)*nõː
98'distributive' (lexically determined variant 3)*hõː
99'distributive' (lexically determined variant 4)*õː
100'distributive' (lexically determined variant 5)*ɹõː
101'distributive' (lexically determined variant 6)*ɹjõː
102'distributive' (lexically determined variant 7)*tsõː
103'distributive' (lexically determined variant 8)*tsɹõː
104'progressive'*tjeɁ
105'present suffix' (lexically determined variant 1)*hs
106'present suffix' (lexically determined variant 2)*ts
107'present suffix' (lexically determined variant 3)*haɁ
108'present suffix' (lexically determined variant 4)*h
109'imperfective suffix' (cf. Cherokee imperfective verbs inhsk)*hsk
110'past habitual suffix'*kʷ
111'punctual suffix' (lexically determined variant 1)*Ɂ
112'punctual suffix' (lexically determined variant 2)*ẽɁ
113'punctual suffix' (lexically determined variant 3)*Ø
114'punctual suffix' (lexically determined variant 4)*n
115'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 1)*õh
116'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 2)*ẽh
117'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 3)*Ø
118'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 4)*eɁ
119'perfect suffix' (lexically determined variant 5)*ih
120'past perfect suffix'*n
121'facilitative suffix'*nskõːh
122'modalizer suffix'*k
123'noun suffix'*aɁ
124'authenticative suffix'*õweh
125'characterizer suffix'*haːɁ
126'decessive suffix'*kẽh
127'intensifier suffix'*tsih
128'locative suffix'*keh
129'populative suffix' (lexically determined variant 1)*ɹonõɁ
130'populative suffix' (lexically determined variant 2)*kaːɁ

Lexicon

Reconstructed lexical roots and particles from Julian (2010):

Reconstructed lexical roots and particles from Julian (2010)
No.GlossProto-IroquoianProto-Northern
Iroquoian		Proto-Mohawk-
Oneida		Huron
(Common Huron-Petun)
131'path, road, trail'*-ah-, *-(a)hah-
132'be bad, be ugly, be useless'*-(a)hetkẽɁ
133'be salty, be sour'*-ahjoɁtsihs, *-oɁtsihst-
134'bark, wood, wood chips'*-ahkaɹ-
135'be ten'*-ahnshẽːh
136'ear'*-(a)hõht-
137'count'*-(a)hɹaːt-
138'hear, speak a language, understand'*-ahɹõk-
139'foot'*-aːhs-, *-aːhsiɁt-
140'three'*ahsẽh
141'string'*ahsɹijeɁ
142'shoe'*-ahtahkʷ-, *ahtaɁ
143'be forbidden, be prohibited, be strict, be taboo'*-ahtjawẽɹeɁ
144'abandon, give up, leave behind, let go, quit, release'*-ahtkaɁw-
145'disappear, vanish'*-ahtõ-, *-ahtõɁ-
146'hide'*-ahtseht-
147'argue for, compete for, contend for, fight for'*-ahtskehnh-
148'not yet, still'*ahtsõh, *atsõh
149'night'*-ahtsõːh-
150'connect, fasten, join together'*-ahtsõtɹ-
151'be durable, be hard, be strong'*-akanst-, *-anst-, *-kanst-
152'be a number, be an amount, be that many'*-akeːh, *-keːh
153'be bad'*-aksẽːh
154'cry'*-anstaɹ-
155'outdoors, outside'*ansteh
156'shoe'*-aɹaːhsu-
157'be cousins'*-aɹaɁtseːɁ
158'about, almost, approximately'*aɹeɁ
159'be inside, be one, be present, be within, exist'*-aːt
160'speak, talk'*-atati-, *-atatj-
161'bathe, swim'*-atawẽ-
162'climb over, go over'*-atawẽːhɹat-
163'be ashamed, be embarrassed'*-ateːhẽːh-
164'be burning, burn'*-atek-
165'burn, cause to burn, light a fire'*-atekaɁt-
166'use to light a fire'*-atekaɁtahkw-
167'be a doctor, cure, heal'*-atetsjẽɁt-
168'food taken along, provisions'*-atẽnaɁtshɹ-
169'be a member of the Wolf Clan' (limited to Iroquoia)*-athahjõniːh
170'be cold, be cold out, cold'*-athoɹ-, *athoɁ
171'hear'*-athõː-
172'garter' (limited to Iroquoia)*-athsinh-, *-athsinhatshɹ-
173'be burnt, be consumed, be used up, burn, use oneself up'*-athsɁaht-
174'abandon, throw, throw out'*-ati-, *-atj-, *-õti-, *-õtj-
175'draw, pull, stretch'*-atiɹõːt-
176'get dressed, put on' (limited to Iroquoia)*-atjaɁtawiɁt-
177'harbour, hold back, keep'*-atjenawahst-
178'be cheap, be easy, be profligate, squander'*-atjets-
179'look at'*-atkahthw-
180'purulence, pus'*-atkẽhtsɹ-
181'be a sorceror, be a spirit, have inherent power'*-atkõɁ
182'axe'*atokẽɁ
183'spoon' (limited to Iroquoia)*-atokw-, *-atokwaɁtshɹ-
184'hunt'*-atoɹaːt-
185'breathe'*-atõːɹ-
186'laugh, laugh out loud' (limited to Iroquoia)*-atõtaɹikt-
187'meet, meet by chance'*-atɹaɁ-
188'grandchild, have as grandchild'*-atɹe-
189'be green, be new'*-atseːɁ
190'be glad, be happy'*-atshẽnõni-
191'dry out, dry up, evaporate, run dry'*-atst-, *-atstathẽ-
192'abandon, lend, let go, spare' (limited to Iroquoia)*-atwẽteht-
193'fence, palisade'*-atɁẽhɹ-
194'belong to, own, possess'*-awẽh
195'stir'*-awẽɹi-, *-awẽɹj-
196'water'*awẽɁ
197'be small'*-aɁ-, *-aɁaːh
198'lace, net, netting, web' (limited to Iroquoia)*-aɁaɹ-
199'dew'*-aɁawj -
200'strike'*-aɁe-
201'become dark, become night'*-aɁkaɹaɁ-, *-aɁkɹaɁ-
202'snow, snowflake' (limited to Iroquoia)*-aɁkɹ-
203'turtle' (limited to Iroquoia)*-aɁnowaɹ-, *-Ɂnowaɹ-
204'be hot, be warm'*-aɁtaɹihẽːh
205'heat, sweat'*-aɁtaɹihẽhsɹ-
206'axe'*-aɁtsɹ-
207'be extinguished, fire to go out'*-aɁtsw-
208'extinguish, put out a fire'*-aɁtswaht-
209'come, go, go on foot, walk'*-e-
210'remember'*-ehjahɹ-
211'believe, think'*-eːɹ-
212'heart'*-eɹjahs-
213'a lot, much'*etsoɁ, *itsoɁ, *itswaɁ
214'above, high, over'*eɁnkẽh, *heɁnkẽh
215'flower' (limited to Iroquoia)*-ẽh-
216'day' (limited to Iroquoia)*-ẽhnitsɹ-
217'be uncle to, have as nephew or niece'*-ẽhwatẽɁ, *-jẽhwatẽɁ
218'be born, establish oneself'*-ẽnakɹaːt-
219'day'*-ẽt-
220'be finished, be over, be prepared, be ready, come to an end'*-ẽtaɁ-
221'drop, fall'*-ẽɁ-
222'nine'*ẽɁtɹõɁ, *waɁtɹõh, *waɁtɹõɁ
223'council fire, flame, torch'*-hahsɹ-
224'cornstalk, grass'*-heɹ-
225'shout, yell'*-hẽɹeht-
226'clearing, field, meadow'*-hẽt-
227'mark, write'*-hjatõ-
228'book, something marked, something written'*-hjatõhsɹ-
229'claw'*-hkaɹ-
230'current, moving water, rapids'*-hnaw-
231'arm, shoulder'*-hnẽː-
232'command, employ, hire'*-hnhaɁ-
233'door'*-hnhoh-, *-hnhohw-
234'close a door, door to be closed'*-hnhotõ-
235'have jowls protruding' (> cattle, cow)*-hnh(o/õ)hskʷ(a/e)ɹõːt
236'feed, put in the mouth'*-hnhõtho-, *-hnhõthw-
237'be durable, be hard, be solid, be strong'*-hniɹ-
238'thigh'*-hnitsh-
239'neck, throat'*-hnj-
240'tie'*-hnɹ-
241'basswood'*-hohsɹ-, *-hotsɹ-
242'bread'*-hɹahkʷ-
243'feather'*-hɹaɁt-
244'cut'*-hɹen-
245'fall, fall over'*-hɹjenẽɁ-, *-ɁɹhjenẽɁ-
246'tell' (limited to Iroquoia)*-hɹoɹi-, *-hɹoɹj-
247'name, reputation'*-hsẽn-
248'dough' (limited to Iroquoia)*-hsheɁɹ-,-hsheɁɹh-
249'depression, depth, hole, hollow.*-hshõw-
250'detest, dislike, hate'*-hshwahẽ-, *-hshwẽ-
251'ankle, knee'*-hsinkoɁt-
252'slow'*-hskanẽ-
253'be good' (limited to Iroquoia)*-hskaːths
254'deer'*-hskẽnõtõɁ
255'bone'*-hskẽɁɹ-; *-hskẽɁɹakeht- 'be a warrior', lit. 'carry the bone'
256'head'*-hskʷ-
257'finger, hand'*-hsnõhs-, *-hsnõɁ
258'be fast, be quick'*-hsnuːɹiɁ
259'be ancestor to, be grandparent to'*-hsoːt
260'build, make, prepare'*-hsɹõːn-
261'use'*-hst-
262'marrow'*-hstahɹõw-
263'be little, be small'*-hsthwih, *-hstwih
264'back'*-hsw-
265'board, wood'*-hswẽɁkaɹ-, *-hwẽɁkaɹ-, *-hwẽɁkhaɹ-
266'complete, exhaust, finish'*-hsɁ-, *-ihsɁ-
267'have as older sibling, have as older maternal female cousin'*-htsiɁ
268'colour, dye, paint'*-htsuːhw-
269'family'*-hwatsiɹ-
270'be round'*-hweɁnõniːh
271'foam'*-hwẽɁnst-
272'force, strength'*-hwihsh-
273'five'*hwihsk
274'metal, money'*-hwihst-
275'be, be the one, exist'*-iː-
276'be dead, die'*-ihej-
277'cross over'*-ihjaɁk-, *-jahjaɁk-
278'creek, river'*-ijhõh-, *-ijhõhw-, *-wjhõh-
279'be beautiful, be good, be great'*-ijoːh
280'emerge, go out, put out'*-inkẽɁ-
281'far'*iːnõh
282'mattress, sheet, spread'*-inskaɹ-
283'be sitting, sit' (limited to Iroquoia)*-inskoːt
284'saliva, spit, spittle'*-inskɹ-
285'fish scale'*-inst-
286'cliff, rock, rock bank'*-instẽhɹ-, *-nstẽhɹ-
287'sleep'*-itaɁw-, *-itɁo-
288'crowd, group'*-itjohkʷ-
289'you'*iːts
290'shoot'*-iɁaːk-, *-iɁjaːk-, *-Ɂjaːk-
291'clan, clay, hearth'*-iɁtaɹ-, *-Ɂtaɹ-
292'abide, dwell, reside, sit'*-iɁtɹõ-
293'exit, go out, leave'*-jakẽɁ-
294'footprint, gait, track'*-jan-
295'be a chief, be good, be lawful, be proper' (limited to Iroquoia)*-janɹ-
296'law'*-janɹehsɹ-, *-janrẽhsɹ-
297'break, cut'*-jaɁk-
298'being, body, carcass, corpse, person'*-jaɁt-
299'wake up'*-je-
300'add, contribute, mix'*-jehst-
301'capture, catch, grab'*-jena-, *-jenaw-
302'act, do, happen to'*-jeɹ-
303'be complete, be just, be perfect, be right'*-jeɹi-
304'body'*-jeːɹõɁ-
305'smile'*-jeːts-
306'be situated, exist, have, put down, set down, sit down'*-jẽ-
307'hit, strike'*-jẽht-
308'firewood, wood' (limited to Iroquoia)*-jẽt-
309'accumulate, beget, get, obtain'*-jẽtaɁ-
310'know'*-jẽteɹ-
311'plant, sow'*-jẽtho-, *-jẽthw-
312'flay, skin'*-jẽtsɹ-
313'have as child'*-jẽɁ-
314'smoke, tobacco'*-jẽɁkʷ-
315'enter'*-jõ-
316'eat'*-k-
317'butterfly'*kahnaːwẽːh
318'look at' (limited to Iroquoia)*-kahnɹ-
319'eye'*-kahɹ-
320'four'*kajeɹih
321'be old'*-kajõ-
322'anywhere, somewhere' (limited to Iroquoia)*kankaɁ
323'pipe'*kanõːnowẽɁ
324'bite'*-kaɹ-
325'account, price, story'*-kaɹ-
326'roll, turn around' (limited to Iroquoia)*-kaɹhateni-, *-kaɹhatenj-
327'invert, roll over, turn over'*-kaɹhatho-, *-kaɹhathw-
328'tree'*kaɹhit, *keɹhit, *keɹhiɁ, *kɹaheːt, *kɹahit
329'come here!'*katsih
330'paddle, row'*-kaweː-
331'lift, raise'*-kensko-, *-kenskʷ-
332'see'*-kẽ-, *-kẽːh
333'be old'*-kẽhtsi-
334'summer'*-kẽnh-
335'be white'*-kẽɹat
336'peel, scrape' (limited to Iroquoia)*-kẽtsɹ-
337'divide, separate'*-kh-, *-khahsi-, *-khahsj-, *-khahsk-
338'elbow'*-khjuːhs-
339'food, meal'*-khw-
340'chipmunk'*kihɹjuɁkẽh
341'dog'*kiːɹ
342'hair'*-kiɁɹh-
343'crow'*koːhkaːɁ
344'be a lot, be many, be much'*-koɁtiɁ
345'face'*-kõːhs-
346'eel'*kõteh
347'bowl, dish, plate'*-kts-
348'acorn, oak'*kuːɹeh
349'be big, be large'*-kuwa-, *-kʷa-
350'pick up'*-kʷ-
351'be able'*-kʷeni-, *-kʷenj-
352'that, the, this'*nV(H)
353'domestic animal, prisoner, slave'*-nahskʷ-
354'be autochthonous, dwell, reside'*-nakɹ-
355'bed, place, room, space'*-nakt-, *-nakʷt-
356'camp, city, settlement, town, village'*-nat-
357'grain, wheat'*-natsj-
358'be melted, be warm, be wet'*-nawẽːh
359'antler, horn'*-naɁkaɹ-
360'imitate'*-naɁkeɹ-
361'bread'*-naɁtaɹ-
362'call' (limited to Iroquoia)*-naɁtõhkʷ-
363'cauldron, kettle, pail, pot'*-naɁtsj-
364'liquid'*-neː-
365'ice'*-neːhst-, *-neːhstwaɹ
366'corn, grain, kernel'*-nẽh-
367'now'*nẽh
368'steal'*-nẽːhskʷ-
369'sand; stone'*-nẽːj-
370'arm'*-nẽtsh-
371'be stingy' (limited to Iroquoia)*-niɁ-
372'marry'*-njaːk-
373'neck'*-njaɹ-
374'lake'*-njataɹ-
375'wampum'*-nkoɁɹ-, *-nkoɁɹh-
376'blood'*-nkõ-, *-nkʷẽhs-
377'red' (limited to Iroquoia)*-nkʷẽhtaɹ-
378'begin to snow'*-nkʷẽɁ-
379'be cold'*-noːh
380'tooth'*-noɁts-, *-noɁtsj-
381'medicine'*-nõhkʷ-, *-nõhkʷaɁt-, *-nõhkʷaɁtshɹ-
382'house'*-nõhs-
383'be painful, be sore, hurt'*-nõhwakt-
384'admire, like'*-nõhweɁ-
385'hill, mountain'*-nõt-
386'corn soup, hominy' (limited to Iroquoia)*-nõtaɹ-
387'brain, head'*-nõːtsiː-
388'breast, milk'*-nõɁt-
389'fungus, mushroom'*-nɹahs-
390'leaf'*-nɹaht-
391'get involved, help'*-nsteːɹ-
392'corn husk'*-nuːɹ-
393'be difficult, be unable to, fail to do'*-nuːɹõ-
394'winter, year'*-ohsɹ-
395'throw' (limited to Iroquoia)*-ojɁaːk-
396'split'*-oɹẽ-
397'be, be standing, exist, stand upright'*-oːt
398'be at the end, end'*-oɁkt-
399'dig' (limited to Iroquoia)*-oɁkʷaːt-
400'hand'*-oɁnj-
401'be of a kind, be of a sort'*-oɁtẽːh
402'earth, land, world'*-õhwẽtsj-
403'go beyond, go through, leak, pass through, penetrate, reach'*-õːkuːh-
404'sift'*-õːkuːhst-
405'be a person, human being'*-õkʷeh, *-õkʷehsɹ-, *-õkʷeɁt-
406'be alive, life, live'*-õːnh-
407'rain'*-õnoːt-
408'pot'*-õːt-
409'put into the fire'*-õːt-
410'be attached, have as a body part'*-õːt
411'remove from the fire'*-õːtakʷ-
412'be a lake, lake'*-õːtaɹiɁ
413'be in, be on'*-ɹ-
414'moon to be present, planet to be present, sun to be present'*-ɹ-
415'moon, planet, sun'*-ɹahkʷ-
416'erase, rub out, wipe out'*-ɹakew-
417'choose, pick out, select'*-ɹako-, *-ɹakw-
418'sap, syrup'*-ɹan-
419'heel'*-ɹat-
420'climb'*-ɹathẽ-, *-ɹaɁthẽ-
421'adhere, stick, stick on'*-ɹaɁnẽtaːk-
422'incantation, song, spell, witchcraft'*-ɹẽn-
423'bush, forest, woods'*-ɹhat-
424'coat with, put on'*-ɹho-
425'be paternal aunt to'*-ɹhok
426'socks, leggings'*-ɹiː-
427'affair, business, thing, matter'*-ɹihw-
428'fight, kill'*-ɹijo-, *-ɹjo-
429'animal'*-ɹjoːɁ
430'blue, sky'*-ɹõhj-
431'log, tree'*-ɹõt-
432'chop'*-ɹɁo-, *-ɹɁok-
433'be present, exist'*-t-
434'and, besides'*tahnũɁ
435'run'*-takh-
436'woodpecker'*taɹaːɹ
437'flint'*tawiːhskaɹaɁ
438'two'*tekniːh
439'eight'*tekɹõɁ
440'change'*-teni-, *-tenj-
441'mosquito'*-tẽːhs-
442'alternate, differ'*-tih-
443'skunk'*tiɁɹ
444'nearby'tjohskẽẽɁ
445'snake'tjoɁxjẽtsihk
446'decay, rot, spoil'*-tkẽː-
447'how, how many, how much' (limited to Iroquoia)*toːh
448'be certain, be exact, be true'*-tokẽːh
449'stand'*-toɁn-
450'bluejay' (limited to Iroquoia)*tɹiɁtɹiːɁ
451'beans'*tsaheɁ, *-tsaheɁt-
452'bottle, gourd, jar'*-tsheɁ, *-tsheɁt-, *-tsheɁw-
453'club, fist, knot'*-tsihkʷ-
454'robin'*tsiːhskʷoːɁkʷoːɁ
455'otter, seal'*tsiːjẽh
456'salt'*-tsikheɁt-
457'be male'*-tsin
458'fire'*-tsiːɹ
459'coal, ember, fire, spark'*-tsist-
460'fox, lynx'*tsitshoɁ
461'bile, green, yellow'*-tsiɁnkʷaɹ-
462'bird'*tsiɁtẽɁ
463'corn tassel'*-tsiːɁtsiːɁ
464'seven'*tsjatahk
465'tobacco'*-tsjoːɹ-
466'six; seven'*tsjotaɹeɁ
467'fish'*-tsjõɁt-
468'be daughter-in-law'*-tsoɁ
469'dream, sleep'*-tsɹẽht-
470'put into the water'*-uː-
471'remove from the water'*-uːkʷ-
472'cover'*-uːɹ-
473'splash water, sprinkle'*-uːtsɹ-
474'whippoorwill'*waɁkuhɹiːɁ
475'say, speak'*-we-
476'language, voice, word'*-wẽn-
477'thumb' (limited to Iroquoia)*-whjõhkaɹ-
478'young person'*-wiːnõːh
479'baby, child, infant, offspring'*-wiɹ-
480'arm, fin, wing'*-wj-
481'wing'*-wjahũtsh-
482'learn, teach'*-wjẽhst-
483'know how, learn how'*-wjẽhw-, *-wjẽw-, *-wjẽɁ-
484'craft, manner, skill, way'*-wjẽn-
485'become capable, learn how'*-wjʌ̃tehtaɁ-
486'be good'*-wohst
487'air, wind'*-wɹ-
488'arrow'*-Ɂn-
489'bone'*-Ɂnẽj-
490'egg'*-Ɂnhõhs-
491'mind, spirit'*-Ɂnikõhɹ-
492'be late, delay'*-Ɂnitsko-, *-Ɂnitskʷ-
493'escape, flee, run away'*-ɁnjakẽɁ-
494'nose'*-Ɂnjõːhs-
495'be envious, be jealous, envy'*-Ɂnonsh-
496'be powerful, be strong'*-Ɂnshanst-
497'drown, fall into water'*-ɁtskoɁ-
498'drag, drive, pull, ride'*-Ɂtsɹ-

References
  1. Julian (2010), p. 21.
  • Julian, Charles (2010). A History of the Iroquoian Languages (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Manitoba.
  • Barbeau, Marius. (1960). Huron-Wyandot Traditional Narratives in Translations and Native Texts. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada, Bulletin 165, Anthropological Series No. 47.
  • Chafe, Wallace. (1977a). "Accent and Related Phenomena in the Five Nations Iroquois Languages". In Larry Hyman, ed. Studies in Stress and Accent, 169-181. Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics 4.
  • Michelson, Karin. (1988). A Comparative Study of Lake-Iroquoian Accent. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Rudes, Blair. (1995). "Iroquoian Vowels". Anthropological Linguistics 37: 16-69.
  • Lounsbury, Floyd. (1961). Iroquois-Cherokee Linguistic Relations. In William Fenton and John Gulick, eds. Symposium on Cherokee and Iroquois Culture. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 180, 11-17.
  • Lounsbury, Floyd G. (1978). "Iroquoian Languages". in Bruce G. Trigger (ed.). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 334–343. OCLC 12682465.
  • Mooney, James. (1900). Myths of the Cherokee. 19th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Part 1, 3-548. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
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