Pycnodontiformes

Pycnodontiformes; Temporal range: Late Triassic - Eocene
	Gyrodus hexagonus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	†Pycnodontiformes; Berg, 1937
Families
	(see text)

Pycnodontiformes is an extinct order of bony fish. The group evolved during the Late Triassic and disappeared during the Eocene. The group has been found in rock formations in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America.[1]

The pycnodontiforms were small to middle-sized fish, with laterally-compressed body and almost circular outline.[2]

Pycnodontiform fishes lived mostly in shallow-water seas. They had special jaws with round and flattened teeth,[3] well adapted to crush food items.[2] One study links the dentine tubules in pycnodont teeth to comparable structures in the dermal denticles of early Paleozoic fish.[4] Some species lived in rivers and possibly fed on molluscs and crustaceans.[5]

Taxonomy

Order Pycnodontiformes (Berg, 1937)[6][7]
- Genus ?Acrorhinichthys Taverne & Capasso 2015
- Genus ?Archaeopycnodon Sanchez & Benedetto 1980
- Genus ?Athrodon le Sauvage 1880 non Osborn 1887
- Genus ?Callodus Thurmond 1974
- Genus ?Cosmodus le Sauvage 1879 [Glossodus Costa 1851 non Agassiz 1828 ex Spix & Agassiz 1829 non McCoy 1848]
- Genus ?Ellipsodus Cornuel 1877
- Genus ?Grypodon Hay 1899 [Ancistrodon Dames 1883 non De Beauvois 1799 non Roemer 1852 non Wagler 1830]
- Genus ?Mercediella Koerber 2012 [Camposichthys Figueiredo & Silva-Santos 1991 non Travassos 1946 non Whitley 1953]
- Genus ?Piranhamesodon Kölbl-Ebert et al., 2018
- Genus ?Pseudopycnodus Taverne 2003
- Genus ?Tergestinia Capasso 2000
- Genus ?Thurmondella Thurmond 1974 non [Paramicrodon Thurmond 1974 non de Meijere 1913]
- Genus ?Uranoplosus le Sauvage 1879
- Genus ?Woodthropea Swinnerton 1925
- Family ?Hadrodontidae Thurmond & Jones 1981
  - Genus Hadrodus Leidy 1858 [Propenser Applegate 1970]
- Family ?Gebrayelichthyidae Nursall & Capasso 2004
  - Genus Gebrayelichthys Nursall & Capasso 2004
  - Genus Maraldichthys Taverne & Capasso 2014
- Family ?Gladiopycnodontidae Taverne & Capasso 2013
  - Genus Arduafrons Frickhinger 1991
  - Genus Eomesodon Woodward 1918
  - Genus Gladiopycnodus Taverne & Capasso 2013
  - Genus Joinvillichthys Taverne & Capasso 2014
- Genus Micropycnodon Hibbard & Graffham 1945 [Pycnomicrodon Hibbard & Graffham 1941 non Hay 1916]
  - Genus Monocerichthys Taverne & Capasso 2013
  - Genus Pankowskichthys Taverne & Capasso 2014
  - Genus Paramesturus Taverne 1981
  - Genus Rostropycnodus Taverne & Capasso 2013
  - Genus Stenoprotome Hay 1903
- Family Mesturidae Nursall 1996
  - Genus Mesturus Wagner 1862
- Family Gyrodontidae Berg 1940
  - Genus Gyrodus Agassiz 1833
- Family Brembodontidae Tintori 1981 [Brembodidae; Gibbodontidae Tintori 1981]
  - Genus Brembodus Tintori 1981
  - Genus Gibbodon Tintori 1981
- Family Coccodontidae Berg 1940 [Trewavasiidae Nursall 1996]
  - Genus Coccodus Pictet 1850
  - Genus Corusichthys Taverne & Capasso 2014
  - Genus Hensodon Kriwet 2004
  - Genus Ichthyoceros Gayet 1984 [8]
  - Genus Paracoccodus Taverne & Capasso 2014
  - Genus Trewavasia White & Moy-Thomas 1941 [Xenopholis Davis 1887 non Peters 1869; Xenopholoides Fowler 1958] [8]
- Family Pycnodontidae Agassiz 1833 corrig. Bonaparte 1845 [Nursalliidae Bloy 1987; Sphaerodontidae Giebel 1846; Palaeobalistidae Blot 1987; Proscinetidae Gistel 1848; Gyronchidae]
  - Genus Abdobalistum Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002
  - Genus Anomiophthalmus Costa 1856
  - Genus Anomoedus Forir 1887
  - Genus Acrotemnus Agassiz 1836
  - Genus Akromystax Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2005
  - Genus Coelodus Heckel 1854
  - Genus Flagellipinna Cawley & Kriwet 2019
  - Genus Macropycnodon Shimada, Williamson & Sealey 2010
  - Genus Macromesodon Blake 1905 non Lehman 1966 [Mesodon Wagner 1851 non Rafinesque 1821; Gyronchus Agassiz 1839; Apomesodon Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002]
  - Genus Neoproseinetes De Figueiredo & Silva Santos 1990
  - Genus Nursallia Blot 1987
  - Genus Ocloedus Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002
  - Genus Oropycnodus Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002
  - Genus Palaeobalistum Taverne et al. 2015
  - Genus Paranursallia Taverne et al. 2015
  - Genus Phacodus Dixon 1850 [Phacodus Dixon 1850 non Cope 1869]
  - Genus Polazzodus Poyoto-Ariza 2010
  - Genus Polygyrodus White 1927
  - Genus Potiguara Machado & Brito 2006
  - Genus Proscinetes Gistl 1848 [Microdon Agassiz 1833 non Meigen 1803 non Fritsch 1876 non Conrad 1842 non Gistl 1848 non Dixon 1850; Polypsephis Hay 1899]
  - Genus Pycnomicrodon Hay 1916 non Hibbard & Graffham 1941
  - Genus Pycnodus Agassiz 1833
  - Genus Rhinopycnodus Taverne & Capasso 2013
  - Genus Sphaerodus Agassiz 1833
  - Genus Sphaeronchus Stinton & Torrens 1967
  - Genus Stenamara Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2000
  - Genus Stemmatias Hay 1899 [Stemmatodus St. John & Worthen 1875 non Heckel 1854 non]
  - Genus Stemmatodus Heckel 1854 non St. John & Worthen 1875 non
  - Genus Sylvienodus Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2013
  - Genus Tamanja Wenz 1989
  - Genus Tepexichtys Applegate 1992
  - Genus Tibetodus Young & Liu 1954
  - Genus Turbomesodon Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2004 [Macromesodon Lehman 1966 non Blake 1905]
  - Genus Typodus Quenstedt 1858
  - Genus Abdobalistum Poyato-Ariza & Wenz 2002
- Family incertae sedis
  - Genus Agassizilia Cooper and Martill, 2020

References

"Pycnodontiformes". Palaeos vertebrates. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2009.
"Pycnodontid fishes from the Kansas Cretaceous". Oceans of Kansas. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
McMenamin, M. A. S. (2009). Paleotorus: The Laws of Morphogenetic Evolution. Meanma Press. ISBN 978-1-893882-18-8.
Lepelstat, A. L.; McMenamin, M. A. S.; Bouse, L. A.; Fleury, D.; Marchand, G. J. (2010). "Dentine canals in Cambro-Ordovician ostracoderms and Cretaceous-Eocene pycnodont fish". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 42 (5): 94. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2010-11-10.
"Mosasaurs terrorized Cretaceous rivers". Planet Earth online. 29 July 2009. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
L. Taverne; L. Capasso (2014). "Ostéologie et phylogénie des Coccodontidae, une famille remarquable de poissons Pycnodontiformes du Crétacé supérieur marin du Liban, avec la description de deux nouveaux genres". Palaeontos. 25. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2016-07-05.

Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-17.

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[Palaeos-1] "Pycnodontiformes". Palaeos vertebrates. Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2009.

[Kansas-2] "Pycnodontid fishes from the Kansas Cretaceous". Oceans of Kansas. 16 April 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2009.

[3] McMenamin, M. A. S. (2009). Paleotorus: The Laws of Morphogenetic Evolution. Meanma Press. ISBN 978-1-893882-18-8.

[4] Lepelstat, A. L.; McMenamin, M. A. S.; Bouse, L. A.; Fleury, D.; Marchand, G. J. (2010). "Dentine canals in Cambro-Ordovician ostracoderms and Cretaceous-Eocene pycnodont fish". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 42 (5): 94. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2010-11-10.

[Planet-5] "Mosasaurs terrorized Cretaceous rivers". Planet Earth online. 29 July 2009. Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 30 July 2009.

[Nelson-6] Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.

[van_der_Laan-7] van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[TaverneCapassoCoccodontidae-8] L. Taverne; L. Capasso (2014). "Ostéologie et phylogénie des Coccodontidae, une famille remarquable de poissons Pycnodontiformes du Crétacé supérieur marin du Liban, avec la description de deux nouveaux genres". Palaeontos. 25. Archived from the original on 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2016-07-05.