Rclone

Rclone is an open source, multi threaded, command line computer program to manage content on cloud and other high latency storage. Its capabilities include sync, transfer, crypt, cache, union, compress and mount. The rclone website lists fifty supported backends including S3 services and Google Drive.[5]

Rclone
Original author(s)Nick Craig-Wood[1]
Developer(s)Nick Craig-Wood[2]
Initial releaseJuly 3, 2014 (2014-07-03)[3]
Stable release
1.54[4] / 2 February 2021 (2021-02-02)[4]
Repositorygithub.com/rclone/rclone
Written inGo[5]
Operating systemLinux, Windows, macOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Plan9, Solaris[5]
PlatformIntel/AMD-64, Intel/AMD-32, ARM-32, ARM-64, MIPS-Big-Endian, MIPS-Little-Endian[5]
LicenceMIT
Websiterclone.org

Descriptions of rclone often carry the strapline Rclone syncs your files to cloud storage.[5] Those prior to 2020 include the alternative Rsync for Cloud Storage.[6] Users have called rclone The Swiss Army Knife of cloud storage.[7]

Rclone is well known for its rclone sync and rclone mount commands.[8] It provides further management functions analogous to those ordinarily used for files on local disks, but which tolerate some intermittent and unreliable service. Transfers are optimised for high latency networks. Rclone is commonly a front-end for media servers such as Plex,[9] Emby or Jellyfin[10] to stream content direct from consumer file storage services.[9]

Rclone is widely used at HPC sites to transfer research datasets.

Official Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, Arch, Brew, Chocolatey, and other package managers include rclone.[11]

History

Nick Craig-Wood was inspired by rsync.[12][6] Concerns about the noise and power costs arising from home computer servers prompted him to embrace cloud storage. He began developing rclone as open source software in 2012 under the name swiftsync.[13][14][1]

Rclone was promoted to stable version 1.00 in July 2014.[3]

In May 2017 Amazon barred new rclone users from its consumer Amazon Drive file storage product. Amazon Drive had been advertised as offering unlimited storage for £55 per year. Amazon blamed security concerns and also banned other upload utilities.[15] Amazon's AWS S3 service continues to support new rclone users.

The original rclone logo was retired to be replaced with the present one in September 2018.[16]

In March 2020 Nick Craig-Wood resigned from Memset Ltd, a cloud hosting company he founded, to focus on open source software.[17][14][18][19]

Amazon's AWS April 2020 public sector blog explained how the Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center were using rclone in their Motuz tool to migrate very large biomedical research datasets in and out of AWS S3 object stores.[20]

May 2020 reports stated rclone had been used by hackers to exploit Diebold Nixdorf ATMs with ProLock ransomware.[21][22] The FBI issued a Flash Alert MI-000125-MW on 4 May 2020 in relation to the compromise.[23] They issued a further, related alert 20200901–001 in September 2020. Attackers had exfiltrated / encrypted data from organisations involved in healthcare, construction, finance, and legal services. Multiple US government agencies, and industrial entities were affected. Researchers established the hackers spent about a month exploring the breached networks, using rclone to archive stolen data to cloud storage, before encrypting the target system.[23][24][25] Reported targets included LaSalle County, and the city of Novi Sad.[26][27]

In November 2020 rclone was updated to correct a weakness in the way it generated passwords. Passwords for encrypted remotes can be generated randomly by rclone or supplied by the user. In all versions of rclone from 1.49.0 to 1.53.2 the seed value for generated passwords was based on the number of seconds elapsed in the day, and therefore not truly random. CVE-2020-28924 recommended users upgrade to the latest version of rclone and check the passwords protecting their encrypted remotes.[28]

The FBI warned January 2021, in Private Industry Notification 20210106–001, of extortion activity using Egregor ransomware and rclone. Organisations worldwide had been threatened with public release of exfiltrated data. In some cases rclone had been disguised under the name svchost.[29] Bookseller Barnes & Noble, US retailer Kmart, games developer Ubisoft and the Vancouver metro system have been reported as victims.[30]

Backends and Commands

Rclone supports the following services as backends. There are others, built on standard protocols such as WebDAV or S3, that work.[5] WebDAV backends do not directly support server side checksum or modtime.[31]

Remotes are usually defined interactively from these backends, local disk, or memory (as S3), with rclone config. Rclone can further wrap those remotes with one or more of alias, chunk, compress, crypt or union, remotes.

Once defined, the remotes are referenced by other rclone commands interchangeably with the local drive. Remote names are followed by a colon to distinguish them from local drives. For example, a remote example_remote containing a folder, or pseudofolder, myfolder is referred to within a command as a path example_remote:/myfolder.[40]

Rclone commands directly address remotes, or mount them for file access or streaming. With appropriate cache options the mount behaves as if a conventional, block level disk. Commands are provided to serve remotes over SFTP, HTTP, WebDAV, FTP and DLNA.[5] Commands can have sub-commands and flags. Filters determine which files on a remote rclone commands are applied to.[41]

rclone rc passes commands or new parameters to existing rclone sessions and has an experimental web browser interface.[42]

Crypt remotes

Rclone's crypt implements encryption of files at rest in cloud storage. It layers an encrypted remote over a pre-existing, cloud or other remote. Crypt is commonly[9] used to encrypt / decrypt media, for streaming, on consumer storage services such as Google Drive.

Rclone's configuration file contains the crypt password. The password can be lightly obfuscated, or the whole rclone.conf file can be encrypted.[43]

Crypt can either encrypt file content and name, or additionally full paths. In the latter case there is a potential clash with encryption for cloud backends, such as Microsoft OneDrive, having limited path lengths.[44] Crypt remotes do not encrypt object modification time or size. The encryption mechanism for content, name and path is available, for scrutiny, on the rclone website. Key derivation is with scrypt.[43]

Available commands

 
 about           Get quota information from the remote.
 authorize       Remote authorization.
 backend         Run a backend specific command.
 cat             Concatenates any files and sends them to stdout.
 check           Checks the files in the source and destination match.
 cleanup         Clean up the remote if possible.
 config          Enter an interactive configuration session.
 copy            Copy files from source to dest, skipping already copied.
 copyto          Copy files from source to dest, skipping already copied.
 copyurl         Copy url content to dest.
 cryptcheck      Cryptcheck checks the integrity of a crypted remote.
 cryptdecode     Cryptdecode returns unencrypted file names.
 dedupe          Interactively find duplicate filenames and delete/rename them.
 delete          Remove the files in path.
 deletefile      Remove a single file from remote.
 genautocomplete Output completion script for a given shell.
 gendocs         Output markdown docs for rclone to the directory supplied.
 hashsum         Produces a hashsum file for all the objects in the path.
 help            Show help for rclone commands, flags and backends.
 link            Generate public link to file/folder.
 listremotes     List all the remotes in the config file.
 ls              List the objects in the path with size and path.
 lsd             List all directories/containers/buckets in the path.
 lsf             List directories and objects in remote:path formatted for parsing.
 lsjson          List directories and objects in the path in JSON format.
 lsl             List the objects in path with modification time, size and path.
 md5sum          Produces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path.
 mkdir           Make the path if it doesn't already exist.
 mount           Mount the remote as file system on a mountpoint.
 move            Move files from source to dest.
 moveto          Move file or directory from source to dest.
 ncdu            Explore a remote with a text based user interface.
 obscure         Obscure password for use in the rclone config file.
 purge           Remove the path and all of its contents.
 rc              Run a command against a running rclone.
 rcat            Copies standard input to file on remote.
 rcd             Run rclone listening to remote control commands only.
 rmdir           Remove the empty directory at path.
 rmdirs          Remove empty directories under the path.
 serve           Serve a remote over a protocol.
 settier         Changes storage class/tier of objects in remote.
 sha1sum         Produces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path.
 size            Prints the total size and number of objects in remote:path.
 sync            Make source and dest identical, modifying destination only.
 touch           Create new file or change file modification time.
 tree            List the contents of the remote in a tree like fashion.
 version         Show the version number.[45]

Example syntax (Linux)

These examples describe paths and file names but object keys behave similarly.

To install the latest stable rclone version:-[46]

$ curl https://rclone.org/install.sh | sudo bash

To interactively configure xmpl: remote from a backend such as S3, Google Drive, or an sftp server:-

$ rclone config

To test the remote and obtain information about it:-

$ rclone about xmpl:

To recursively copy files from directory remote_stuff, at the remote, to directory stuff in the home folder:-

$ rclone copy -v -P xmpl:/remote_stuff ~/stuff

-v enables logging and -P, progress information. By default rclone checks the file integrity (hash) after copy; can retry each file up to three times if the operation is interrupted; uses up to four parallel transfer threads, and does not apply bandwidth throttling.

Running the above command again copies any new or changed files at the remote to the local folder but, like default rsync behaviour, will not delete from the local directory, files which have been removed from the remote.

To additionally delete files from the local folder which have been removed from the remote - more like the behaviour of rsync with a --delete flag:-

$ rclone sync xmpl:/remote_stuff ~/stuff

And to delete files from the source after they have been transferred to the local directory - more like the behaviour of rsync with a --remove-source-file flag:-

$ rclone move xmpl:/remote_stuff ~/stuff

To mount the remote directory at a mountpoint in the pre-existing, empty stuff directory in the home directory (the ampersand at the end makes the mount command run as a background process):-

$ rclone mount xmpl:/remote_stuff ~/stuff &

Default rclone syntax can be modified. Alternative transfer, filter, conflict and backend specific flags are available. Performance choices include number of concurrent transfer threads; chunk size; bandwidth limit profiling, and cache aggression.[41]

Example syntax (Windows)

These examples describe paths and file names but object keys behave similarly.

To install the latest stable release download the rclone installer archive, from the rclone website, and extract it.[46]

To interactively configure xmpl: remote from a backend such as S3, Google Drive, or an sftp server:-

>rclone config

To test the remote and obtain information about it:-

>rclone about xmpl:

To recursively copy files from directory remote_stuff, at the remote, to directory stuff on E drive:-

>rclone copy -v -P xmpl:remote_stuff E:\stuff

-v enables logging and -P, progress information. By default rclone checks the file integrity (hash) after copy; can retry each file up to three times if the operation is interrupted; uses up to four parallel transfer threads, and does not apply bandwidth throttling.

Running the above command again copies any new or changed file at the remote to the local directory but will not delete from the local directory.

To additionally delete files removed from the remote also from the local directory:-

>rclone sync xmpl:remote_stuff E:\stufff

And to delete files from the source after they have been transferred to the local directory:-

>rclone move xmpl:remote_stuff E:\stuff

To mount the remote directory from an unused drive letter, or at a mountpoint in a non existent directory:-

>rclone mount xmpl:remote_stuff X:

>rclone mount xmpl:remote_stuff E:\stuff

Default rclone syntax can be modified. Alternative transfer, filter, conflict and backend specific options are available. Performance choices include number of concurrent transfer threads; chunk size; bandwidth limit profiling, and cache aggression.[41]

Academic evaluation

In 2018, University of Kentucky researchers published a conference paper comparing use of rclone and other command line, cloud data transfer agents for big data.[47] The paper was published as a result of funding by the National Science Foundation.[48]

Later that year the University of Utah Center for High Performance Computing examined the impact of rclone options on data transfer rates.[49]

Rclone use at HPC research sites

Examples are University of Maryland,[50] Iowa State University,[51] Trinity College Dublin,[52] NYU,[53] BYU,[54] Indiana University,[55] CSC Finland,[56] Utrecht University,[57] University of Nebraska,[58] University of Utah,[59] North Carolina State University,[60] Stony Brook,[61] Tulane University,[62] Washington State University,[63] Georgia Tech,[64] National Institutes of Health,[65] Wharton,[66] Yale,[67] Harvard,[68] Minnesota,[69] Michigan State,[70] Case Western Reserve University,[71] University of South Dakota,[72] Northern Arizona University,[73] University of Pennsylvania,[74] Stanford,[75] University of Southern California,[76] UC Santa Barbara,[77][78] UC Irvine[79] and UC Berkeley.[80][81]

Rclone and rsync

Rsync transfers files with other computers that have rsync installed.[82] Rsync operates at the block, rather than file, level and has a delta algorithm so that it only needs to transfer changes in files. Rsync preserves file attributes and permissions. Rclone has a wider range of content management capabilities, and types of backend it can address, but only works at a whole file / object level.[83][1] It does not currently preserve permissions and attributes.[84] Rclone is designed to have some tolerance of intermittent and unreliable connections or remote services. Its transfers are optimised for high latency networks. Rclone decides which of those whole files / objects to transfer after obtaining checksums, to compare, from the remote server. Where checksums are not available, rclone can use object size and timestamp.[85]

Rsync is single threaded.[86] Rclone is multi threaded with a user definable number of simultaneous transfers.[87][88]

Rclone can pipe data between two completely remote locations, sometimes without local download. During an rsync transfer, one side must be a local drive.[82][88]

Rclone ignores trailing slashes. Rsync requires their correct use.[89] Rclone filters require the use of ** to refer to the contents of a directory. Rsync does not.[90]

Rsync enthusiasts can be rclone enthusiasts too.[91] Rsync continued to influence rclone at September 2020.[12]

Eponymous cloud storage service rsync.net provides remote unix filesystems so that customers can run rsync and other standard Unix tools.[92] They also offer rclone only accounts.[93]

In 2016 a poster on Hacker News summarised rclone's relationship to rsync as:- (rclone) exists to give you rsync to things that aren't rsync. If you want to rsync to things that are rsync, use rsync.[94]

Rclone and AWS CLI

AWS CLI is part of a suite of tools for managing Amazon's object storage service. It is built upon an AWS, python API.[95] Rclone supports storage from a range of suppliers. Both can be used to manipulate AWS storage objects in a way comparable to local files at the command line.

A contributor to an rclone forum summarised the difference between using AWS CLI and rclone as:- rclone works with many cloud providers. so learn rclone once and use it again and again.[96]

See also

References
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