Red Ball Express

The Red Ball Express was a famed truck convoy system that supplied Allied forces moving quickly through Europe after breaking out from the D-Day beaches in Normandy in 1944.[1] To expedite cargo shipment to the front, trucks emblazoned with red balls followed a similarly marked route that was closed to civilian traffic. The trucks also had priority on regular roads.

For film, see Red Ball Express (film).

Military Policeman and sign posted along the Red Ball route

Conceived in an urgent 36-hour meeting, the convoy system began operating on August 25, 1944.[2] Staffed primarily with African-American soldiers, the Express at its peak operated 5,958 vehicles that carried about 12,500 tons of supplies a day.[2] It ran for 83 days until November 16, when the port facilities at Antwerp, Belgium, were opened, enough French rail lines were repaired,[3] and portable gasoline pipelines were deployed.

History
Red Ball Express trucks moving through a Regulating Point – 1944

Use of the term "Red Ball" to describe express cargo service dated at least to the end of the 19th century. Around 1892, the Santa Fe railroad began using it to refer to express shipping for priority freight and perishables.[4] Such trains and the tracks cleared for their use were marked with red balls. The term grew in popularity and was extensively used by the 1920s.

A Red Ball Express truck stuck in the mud, 1944

The need for such a priority transport service during World War II arose in the European Theater following the successful Allied invasion at Normandy in June 1944. To hobble the German army's ability to move forces and bring up reinforcements in a counter-attack, the Allies had preemptively bombed the French railway system into ruins[3] in the weeks leading up to the D-Day landing.

After the Allied breakout and the race to the Seine River, some 28 Allied divisions needed constant resupply. During offensive operations, each division consumed about 750 tons of supplies per day, totaling about 21,000 tons in all. The only way to deliver them was by truck – thereby giving birth to the Red Ball Express.

Soldiers of the 4185th Quartermaster Service Company loading Red Ball Express truck, Liège, Belgium, 1944

At its peak, it operated 5,958 vehicles and carried about 12,500 tons of supplies per day.[2][5] Colonel Loren Albert Ayers, known to his men as "Little Patton", was in charge of gathering two drivers for every truck, obtaining special equipment, and training port battalion personnel as drivers for long hauls. Able-bodied soldiers attached to other units whose duties were not critical were made drivers.[2] Almost 75% of Red Ball drivers were black.[6]

Commemorative stone in the village of La Queue-lez-Yvelines

To keep supplies flowing without delay, two routes were opened from Cherbourg (Cherbourg-en-Cotentin since 2016) to the forward logistics base at Chartres. The northern route was used for delivering supplies, the southern for returning trucks. Both roads were closed to civilian traffic.[7]

The highways in France are usually good, but are ordinarily not excessively wide. The needs of the rapidly advancing armies, consequently, promptly put the greatest possible demands upon them. To ease this strain, main highways leading to the front were set aside very early in the advance as "one way" roads from which all civil and local military traffic were barred. Tens of thousands of truckloads of supplies were pushed forward over these one way roads in a constant stream of traffic. Reaching the supply dumps in the forward areas, the trucks unloaded and returned empty to Arromanches, Cherbourg and the lesser landing places by way of other one way highways. Even the French railroads were, to some degree, operated similarly, with loaded trains moving forward almost nose to tail.[8]

— For Want of a Nail: The Influence of Logistics on War (1948) by Hawthorne Daniel

Only convoys of at least five trucks were allowed,[2] escorted in front and behind by a jeep. In reality, it was common for individual trucks to depart Cherbourg as soon as they were loaded. It was also common to disable the engine governors to travel faster than 56 miles per hour (90 km/h).[2]

Convoys were a primary target of the German Luftwaffe but by 1944 German air power was so reduced that even these tempting and typically easy targets were rarely attacked. The biggest problems facing the Express were maintenance, finding enough drivers, and lack of sleep for the overworked truckers.[1]

To control traffic and provide security for the route, the 793rd Military Police Battalion, activated December 1942, was sent to the Red Ball from August through December 1944. The early beginnings of the battalion are commemorated on the distinctive unit insignia, with two red balls on a diagonal line of yellow, with a field of green behind (green and gold are the colors of the U.S. Army Military Police).

The World War II convoy was the subject of a movie named Red Ball Express in 1952. Based loosely on the film, the 1973–74 television sit-com Roll Out parodied a fictional unit of the Red Ball Express. Only 12 episodes aired until the series was canceled.

In 1967, Season 5, Episode 23 of the TV Series Combat! was called the "Nightmare on the Red Ball Run" and referred to in one road sign scene as "Red Ball Highway". The episode depicted the sleep deprivation that the drivers experienced but included no African American actors in the driver roles. The episode guest starred Claude Akins and William Campbell.

See also

References
Notes
  1. "Red Ball Express | HistoryNet". www.historynet.com. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
  2. "The Red Ball Express, 1944". U.S. Army Transportation Museum. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
  3. Eisenhower, John S. D. (1995) [1969]. The Bitter Woods. Da Capo Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-306-80652-5.
  4. "Handling Fast Freight on the Santa Fe". The Railroad Gazette. The Railroad Gazette. 39 (8): 184–. August 25, 1905. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  5. The Real History of World War II: A New Look at the Past by Alan Axelrod, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2008, ISBN 1-4027-4090-5, 978-1-4027-4090-9
  6. Rudi Williams (February 15, 2002). "African Americans Gain Fame as World War II Red Ball Express Drivers". United States Department of Defense. Retrieved June 17, 2017.
  7. Roland G. Ruppenthal (1995). The European Theater of Operations: Logistical Support of the Armies Vol 1. Washington, DC: US Army Center of Military History. p. 560.
  8. Daniel, Hawthorne (1948). For Want of a Nail: The Influence of Logistics on War. New York: Whittlesey House. pp. 270–271.
Bibliography
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