Richard Avenarius

Richard Ludwig Heinrich Avenarius (19 November 1843 – 18 August 1896) was a German-Swiss philosopher. He formulated the radical positivist doctrine of "empirical criticism" or empirio-criticism.

Richard Avenarius
Born19 November 1843
Paris
Died18 August 1896 (1896-08-19) (aged 52)
Zurich
Alma materUniversity of Zurich
University of Berlin
Leipzig University
Era19th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolEmpirio-criticism
(Critical positivism)[1]
InstitutionsLeipzig University
University of Zurich
Main interests
Empirical knowledge, philosophy of science
Notable ideas
Empirical criticism

Life

Avenarius attended the Nicolaischule in Leipzig and studied at the University of Zurich, Berlin, and the University of Leipzig. At the University of Leipzig, he received the Doctor of Philosophy in 1868 with his thesis on Baruch Spinoza and his pantheism, obtained the habilitation in 1876 and taught there as Privatdozent. One year later, he became professor at the University of Zurich. He died in Zurich in 1896.

Work

Avenarius believed that scientific philosophy must be concerned with purely descriptive definitions of experience, which must be free of both metaphysics and materialism. His opposition to the materialist assertions of Carl Vogt resulted in an attack upon empirio-criticism by Vladimir Lenin in the latter's Materialism and Empirio-criticism.

Avenarius' principal works are the famously difficult Kritik der reinen Erfahrung (Critique of Pure Experience, 1888–1890) and Der menschliche Weltbegriff (The Human Concept of the World, 1891) which influenced Ernst Mach, Ber Borochov and, to a lesser extent, William James.[2]

He taught Anatoly Lunacharsky and was also influential on Alexander Bogdanov and Nikolai Valentinov.

Family

Avenarius was the second son of the German publisher Eduard Avenarius and Cäcilie née Geyer, a daughter of the actor and painter Ludwig Geyer and a (step-)sister of Richard Wagner. However, there are speculations in science that her father was the biological father of Richard Wagner too. Richard's brother, Ferdinand Avenarius, led the cultural organization Dürerbund and belonged to the initiators of a culture reform movement in Germany. Wagner was Avenarius' godfather.

Bibliography
  • Ueber die beiden ersten Phasen des Spinozischen Pantheismus und das Verhältnis der zweiten zur dritten Phase. Eduard Avenarius, Leipzig 1868.
  • Philosophie als Denken der Welt gemäß dem Prinzip des kleinsten Kraftmaßes. Prolegomena zu einer Kritik der reinen Erfahrung. Fues, Leipzig 1876; 2nd ed. 1903.
  • Kritik der reinen Erfahrung, (Critique of Pure Experience) 2 vols. Fues, Leipzig 1888/1890; 2nd ed. 1907/1908.
  • Der menschliche Weltbegriff. Reisland, Leipzig 1891; 2nd ed. 1905; 3rd ed. 1912.

Notes

^ See John Deathridge, "Introduction" p. XXXIII in Richard Wagner. The Family Letters of Richard Wagner, University of Michigan Press, 1991. ISBN 0-472-10292-3

References
  1. "The critical positivism of Mach and Avenarius": entry in the Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  2. David C. Lamberth, William James and the Metaphysics of Experience, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 86.
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