Robert Borden

Robert Laird Borden was born and educated in Grand-Pré, Nova Scotia, a farming community at the eastern end of the Annapolis Valley, where his great-grandfather Perry Borden, Sr. of Tiverton, Rhode Island, had taken up Acadian land in 1760 as one of the New England Planters. The Borden family had immigrated from Headcorn, Kent, England, to New England in the 1600s. Also arriving in this group was a great-great-grandfather, Robert Denison, who had come from Connecticut at about the same time. Perry had accompanied his father, Samuel Borden, the chief surveyor chosen by the government of Massachusetts to survey the former Acadian land and draw up new lots for the Planters in Nova Scotia. Through the marriage of his patrilineal ancestor Richard Borden to Innocent Cornell, Borden is descendant from Thomas Cornell of Portsmouth, Rhode Island.[2]

Borden's father Andrew Borden was judged by his son to be "a man of good ability and excellent judgement", of a "calm, contemplative and philosophical" turn of mind, but "he lacked energy and had no great aptitude for affairs". His mother Eunice Jane Laird was more driven, possessing "very strong character, remarkable energy, high ambition and unusual ability". Her ambition was transmitted to her first-born child, who applied himself to his studies while assisting his parents with the farm work he found so disagreeable. His cousin Sir Frederick Borden was a prominent Liberal politician.[3]

Robert Borden was the last Canadian Prime Minister born before Confederation.[4]

William Orpen: Portrait of Sir Robert Laird Borden, Oil on canvas, 1919

From 1868 to 1874, he worked as a teacher in Grand-Pré and Matawan, New Jersey. Seeing no future in teaching, he returned to Nova Scotia in 1874. Despite having no formal university education, he went to article for four years at a Halifax law firm. In August 1878, he was called to the Nova Scotia Bar, placing first in the bar examinations. Borden went to Kentville, Nova Scotia, as the junior partner of the Conservative lawyer John P. Chipman. In 1880, he was inducted into the Freemasons – St Andrew's lodge #1.[5]

In 1882, he was asked by Wallace Graham to move to Halifax and join the Conservative law firm headed by Graham and Charles Hibbert Tupper. In the Autumn of 1889, when he was only 35, Borden became the senior partner following the departure of Graham and Tupper for the bench and politics, respectively. His financial future guaranteed, on September 25, 1889, he married Laura Bond (1863–1940), the daughter of a Halifax hardware merchant. They would have no children. In 1894, he bought a large property and home on the south side of Quinpool Road, which the couple called "Pinehurst". In 1893, Borden successfully argued the first of two cases which he took to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. He represented many of the important Halifax businesses, and sat on the boards of Nova Scotian companies including the Bank of Nova Scotia and the Crown Life Insurance Company. In 1896, he became President of the Nova Scotia Barristers' Society, and took the initiative in organizing the founding meetings of the Canadian Bar Association in Montreal within the same year. By the time he was prevailed upon to enter politics, Borden had what some judged to be the largest legal practice in the Maritime Provinces, and had become a wealthy man.

Borden and Winston Churchill in 1912

Borden was a Liberal until he broke with the party in 1891 over the issue of Reciprocity.

He was elected to Parliament in the 1896 federal election as a Conservative and in 1901 was selected by the Conservative caucus to succeed Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative Party. He was defeated in his Halifax seat in the 1904 federal election and re-entered the House of Commons the next year via a by-election in Carleton. Over the next decade he worked to rebuild the party and establish a reform policy, the Halifax Platform of 1907 which he described as "the most advanced and progressive policy ever put forward in Federal affairs". It called for reform of the Senate and the civil service, a more selective immigration policy, free rural mail delivery, and government regulation of telegraphs, telephones, and railways and eventually national ownership of telegraphs and telephones. Despite his efforts, his party lost the 1908 federal election to Wilfrid Laurier's Liberals.[6][7] Borden was however elected again for Halifax. His party's fortunes turned around in the 1911 federal election, however, when the Conservatives successfully campaigned against Laurier's proposals for a Reciprocity (free trade) agreement with the United States. Borden countered with a revised version of John A. Macdonald's National Policy and appeals of loyalty to the British Empire and ran on the slogan "Canadianism or Continentalism".[6] In British Columbia, the party ran on the slogan "A White Canada", playing to the fears of British Columbians that resented the increasing presence of cheap Asian labour and the resulting depression in wages.[8] In Quebec, concurrently, Henri Bourassa led a campaign against what he saw as Laurier's capitulation to British imperialism, playing a part in the defeat of Laurier's government and the election of Borden's Tories.

Borden served as Prime Minister for the duration of the 12th Parliament of Canada, and for most of the 13th Parliament of Canada, before his retirement from active political life in July 1920.

First World War

Borden at a Victory Bonds campaign in Toronto, 1915

As Prime Minister of Canada during the First World War, he transformed his government to a wartime administration, passing the War Measures Act in 1914. Borden committed Canada to provide half a million soldiers for the war effort. However, volunteers had quickly dried up when Canadians realized there would be no quick end to the war. Borden's determination to meet that huge commitment led to the Military Service Act and the Conscription Crisis of 1917, which split the country on linguistic lines.[9] In 1917 Borden recruited members of the Liberals (with the notable exception of leader Wilfrid Laurier) to create a Unionist government. The 1917 election saw the "Government" candidates (including a number of Liberal-Unionists) crush the Opposition "Laurier Liberals" in English Canada resulting in a large parliamentary majority for Borden.

Sir Robert Borden (right) at the official opening of No. 6 Canadian General Hospital, Joinville-le-Pont, France, July 1918

Sir Robert Borden pledged himself during the campaign to equal suffrage for women. With his return to power, he introduced a bill in 1918 for extending the franchise to women. This passed without division.

The war effort also enabled Canada to assert itself as an independent power. Borden wanted to create a single Canadian army, rather than have Canadian soldiers split up and assigned to British divisions as had happened during the Boer War. Sam Hughes, the Minister of Militia, generally ensured that Canadians were well-trained and prepared to fight in their own divisions, although with mixed results such as the Ross Rifle. Arthur Currie provided sensible leadership for the Canadian divisions in Europe, although they were still under overall British command. Nevertheless, Canadian troops proved themselves to be among the best in the world, fighting at the Somme, Ypres, Passchendaele, and especially at the Battle of Vimy Ridge.

During Borden's first term as Prime Minister, the National Research Council of Canada was established in 1916.

Laura, Lady Borden by William James Topley

Sir Robert and Lady Borden

Statue on Parliament Hill, Ottawa

Sir Robert Borden retired from office in 1920. He was the Chancellor of Queen's University from 1924 to 1930, after having served as Chancellor of McGill University from 1918 to 1920 while still Prime Minister. Borden served as Vice-President of The Champlain Society between 1923 and 1925 and was the Society's first Honorary President between 1925 and 1938.[13] He also served as President of the Canadian Historical Association in 1930–31.[14]

Borden's successor Arthur Meighen was defeated by the new Liberal leader William Lyon Mackenzie King in the 1921 election. Nevertheless, Borden would go on to represent Canada once more on the international stage when he attended the Washington Naval Conference in 1922 and signed the resulting arms reduction treaty on Canada's behalf.

At the time of his death, Borden stood as president of two financial institutions: Barclays Bank of Canada and the Crown Life Insurance Company. Borden died on June 10, 1937, in Ottawa and is buried in the Beechwood Cemetery marked by a simple stone cross.[15]

Robert Laird Borden married Laura Bond, youngest daughter of the late T. H. Bond, September 1889. She served as president of the Local Council of Women of Halifax, until her resignation in 1901. She served as President of the Aberdeen Association, Vice-President of the Women's Work Exchange in Halifax, and Corresponding Secretary of the Associated Charities of the United States.[16]

• Borden was the last Canadian Prime Minister to be knighted (in 1915) since, in deference to the Nickle Resolution, no others have been. However R. B. Bennett (Prime Minister 1930–35) was created 1st Viscount Bennett after leaving office.
• Sir Robert Borden was honoured by having two secondary schools named after him, in the Nepean part of Ottawa, and in the Scarborough section of Toronto.
• Sir Robert Borden was also honoured by having Sir Robert Borden Junior High School named after him in Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia.
• The town of Borden, Western Australia, was named after him.[17]
• In their book Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders, J. L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer include the results of a survey of Canadian historians regarding all the Prime Ministers through Jean Chrétien. Borden was ranked 7th.

Borden chose the following jurists to sit as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada:

• Sir Louis Henry Davies (as Chief Justice, November 23, 1918 – May 1, 1924; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister Laurier, September 25, 1901)
• Pierre-Basile Mignault (October 25, 1918 – September 30, 1929)

• List of Prime Ministers of Canada
• Conscription Crisis of 1917
• Borden Island, named after Borden

By Sir Robert

• Borden, Robert (1971) Letters to Limbo. Toronto; Buffalo, N.Y.: University of Toronto Press ISBN 0-8020-1839-4
• 1938: Borden, Robert (1938). Robert Laird Borden: his memoirs; edited and with an introduction by Henry Borden. 2 vols. (xxii, 1061 p) London: Macmillan
• Canadian Constitutional Studies by Robert Borden at archive.org
• Comments on the Senate's rejection of the Naval Aid Bill by Robert Borden at archive.org

• Brown, Robert Craig (1975) Robert Laird Borden: a biography. 2 vols. v. 1. 1854–1914. v. 2. 1914–1937. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, c1975-c1980. ISBN 0-7705-1317-4 (v. 1) ISBN 0-7705-1854-0 (v. 2) (the major scholarly biography)
• Brown, Robert Craig, & Cook, Ramsay (1974). Canada: 1896–1921.
• Cook, George L. "Sir Robert Borden, Lloyd George and British Military Policy, 1917-1918." The Historical Journal 14.2 (1971): 371–395. online
• Cook, Tim. Warlords: Borden, Mackenzie King and Canada's World Wars (2012) 472pp excerpt and text search
• Cook, Tim. "Canada's Warlord: Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden's Leadership during the Great War." Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 13.3 (2011) pp 1–24. online
• Granatstein, J. L. & Hillmer, Norman (1999). Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders. HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-200027-X; pp. 61–74.
• Levine, Allan. "Scrum Wars, The Prime Ministers and the Media." Dundurn, c1993. 69–101
• MacMillan, Margaret (2003). Peacemakers: Six Months that Changed the World. London: John Murray (on the Paris Peace Conference of 1919)
• Macquarrie, Heath. "Robert Borden and the Election of 1911." Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 1959, Vol. 25 Issue 3, pp. 271–286 in JSTOR
• Thornton, Martin. Churchill, Borden and Anglo-Canadian Naval Relations, 1911-14 (Springer, 2013).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Laird Borden.

Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Robert Laird Borden.

• Robert Borden – Parliament of Canada biography
• Sir Robert Borden fonds at Library and Archives Canada
• Works by Robert Borden at Faded Page (Canada)
• Comments on the Senate's rejection of the Naval Aid Bill
• Historic plaque at Grand-Pré
• Photograph:Robert L. Borden, 1905 - McCord Museum
• Ancestry of Robert Borden
• Robert Borden – Parliament of Canada biography
• Newspaper clippings about Robert Borden in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
• Find A Grave - Burial location of Sir Robert Borden (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada)