Roger Landes

Landes first mission, with his codename as Aristide, was as radio operator to the SCIENTIST network of Claude de Baissac (David). He parachuted into France with Gilbert Norman on the night of 31 October 1942. Arriving in Bordeaux, he made contact with de Baissac and, after initial problems, found a house from which he could send and receive messages from SOE in Paris. The work of a wireless operator was dull, dangerous, and lonely.[5] Landes followed a careful routine to avoid attracting the attention of the German and French police. Every morning he took a long walk and, once certain he was not followed, collected messages from secret letter boxes; in the afternoons he went to a cinema and slept; at night, alone in his house, he transmitted and received messages. He used two couriers to carry messages back and forth to de Baissac and other SOE agents. SOE's Mary Katherine Herbert was one courier. The second was a young French woman from Bordeaux named Ginette Corbin. Landes had to worry about German wireless detector vans which patrolled the streets and curious neighbors who might inform on him to the Germans in exchange for a reward. The arrival of a second wireless operator, Marcel Défense, on 13 May 1943 with three new and better radios enabled Landes to locate radios at different locations and move from place to transmit and receive messages and thus run less risk of capture.[6]

In June 1943, the Germans penetrated and destroyed the Prosper network in Paris and the fallout put the Scientist agents in Bordeaux in danger. De Baissac requested or was ordered to return to England to avoid arrest and he and his sister, Lise, flew back by Lysander on the night of 15/16 August. Roger Landes, Vic Hayes, Marcel Défense, and Mary Herbert (pregnant with de Baissac's child) remained in Bordeaux to continue working. Landes, left in charge, was furious that de Baissac had taken his sister Lise with him to England and left Mary Herbert behind.[7]

The most important contact of the Scientist network in Bordeau was André Grandclément, a retired army colonel and a leader of the far-right resistance organization, the Organisation civile et militaire (OCM). Grandclément's wife was arrested by the Germans on 29 July 1943 and on 19 September 1943, Grandclément was also arrested. To protect his wife and secure his own release Grandclément was persuaded by the Germans to become a double agent. With information he provided, the Germans were able to arrest many OCM members and confiscate many of the arms that had been parachuted into them for resistance to the Germans.[8] [9]

Landes was quickly aware of Grandclément's turncoat agreement with the Germans. The Germans allowed Grandclément a few days of freedom and on 24 September he met with Landes and other members of the Scientist network at the house of Charles Corbin, father of Landes's courier Ginette Corbin. Landes, armed with a pistol, intended to kill Grandclément, but was dissuaded by Corbin who did not want a gunshot to attract the Gestapo's attention to his house and family. Grandclément was allowed to leave the house unharmed. It then became a race between Landes to warn his associates to flee or go underground and the Germans to arrest them. With the information provided by Grandclément, the Germans were able to arrest 78 of Landes's associates and confiscate thousands of guns and millions of rounds of ammunition that SOE had parachuted into the resistance groups. Landes sent pregnant Mary Herbert to refuge in Poitiers, Défence and Hays were captured and executed. On 26 November 1943, Landes gave each of his surviving resistance leaders 25,000 francs (about 125 British pounds) for living expenses and set out on foot with Charles Corbin to cross the Pyrenees to Spain. Arriving in Spain they were arrested by the Spanish authorities, but released after British intervention. Landes and Corbin arrived in England by airplane from Gibraltar on 16 January 1944.[10]

Landes was suspected of being a double agent because of his "miraculous"[11] escape from capture by the Germans, but his name was cleared and he returned to Bordeaux in March 1944 as organiser of the Actor network, a new circuit tasked with making contact with surviving Resistance groups in the area and coordinating sabotage to support the upcoming D-Day landings.[12] Landes's second mission began on 1/2 March 1944 with an aborted attempt to parachute him back into France, in Gascony this time, postponed to the night of 2/3 March 1944. The second attempt was successful. He was accompanied by a Canadian wireless operator, Allyre Sirois. Landes was now a hardened and experienced SOE operative, one of only a few who had survived as long as he had in occupied France. He had a new code name: "Aristide." [13]

Landes created the Actor network from the remains of the Scientist network. He equipped a large number of resistance groups and personally led several. Landes' authority was based on his capability of providing arms to resistance groups. He imposed strict security rules on the leaders and groups of the French resistance which he supported with parachuted arms drops that began on 1 April 1944. A violator of his rules faced on of two fates: dismissal or execution. Two incompetent agents sent him by SOE in London were quickly evacuated to Spain. Landes ran afoul of some French resistance leaders, notably the right wing, Anglophobic soldier Jean-Baptiste Morraglia, who arrived in Bordeaux on 6 May and attempted to take charge of the resistance in the region on behalf of Free France leader Charles de Gaulle. Landes and Morraglia immediately clashed and the resistance fragmented into politically-warring groups.[14]

Despite his problems, by 6 June 1944, when the allied invasion of Normandy took place, Landes had equipped a fighting force of 5,000 men. His forces launched many attacks against the German occupiers and crippled the ability of the Germans to move their soldiers from place to place to meet the allied threat. [15]

Assassination of Grandclément. The double-agent André Grandclément was captured by the French resistance on 22 July 1944. He attempted, with some success, to persuade his captors that his actions were justifiable. The resistance had been ordered by French authorities in London to kill Grandclémeent and his wife, Lucette, who had also been captured. The death sentence was broadcast on the BBC. However, Grandclément defended his actions persuasively and his captors in Bordeaux were reluctant to carry out the order. Instead, they turned their prisoners over to Landes. On 28 July on Landes' order, his men shot and killed Grandclément. On the same day, Landes killed Lucette with a bullet to the back of her head. She had disapproved of her husband's collaboration with the Germans. On 1 August, the Germans shot 50 hostages, attributed, but later disproven, to be in retaliation for the killing of Grandclément.[16]

Bordeaux was liberated from German occupation on 28 August 1944. By that time the city was a "viper's nest of betrayal, score-settling, and manoeuvering for advantage." Landes spent the last days of the German occupation coordinating attacks by the resistance forces and calling in air strikes on ships attempting to evacuate German soldiers from Bordeaux. [17]

Landes and De Gaulle. On 17 September 1944, French leader Général de Gaulle visited Bordeaux. Landes drove to meet him in a jeep decorated with the flag of Great Britain. not a wise decision given de Gaulle's antipathy towards the British. De Gaulle, six feet five inches (196 cm) in height confronted Landes, five feet four inches (163 cm) in height. He said to Landes, "You're English? Your place is not here" and told him to leave the country within 2 days. Landes replied that he was a British officer who would leave France only when ordered by the British. Later in the day, Landes had an armed confrontation with French officials and 4,000 people demonstrated in support of him. The French complained about Landes to British authorities in London and he was ordered by SOE to leave France. He stayed for a while, claiming poor health, but finally left France on 10 October. In England, he was hospitalized due to his physical condition.[18] De Gaulle's reaction to Landes and other SOE agents reflected De Gaulle's "obsession with restoring the authority of the state and allowing no challenges to its – to his – authority."[19]