Ryerson University

Ryerson University (Ryerson or RyeU) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its urban campus surrounds the Yonge–Dundas Square, located at one of the busiest intersections in downtown Toronto.

Ryerson University
Crest
Former names
Ryerson Institute of Technology (1948-1966)
Ryerson Polytechnical Institute (1966-1993)
Ryerson Polytechnic University (1993-2001)
MottoLatin: Mente et artificio
Motto in English
With mind and skill[1]
TypePublic research university
Established1948
EndowmentC$141,513,845 (2018–19)[2]
ChancellorJanice Fukakusa
PresidentMohamed Lachemi[3]
Undergraduates44,400[4]
Postgraduates2,950[4]
Location
Toronto
,
Ontario
,
Canada
43°39′27.85″N 79°22′48.64″W
CampusUrban; 121 acres (49 ha)[5]
Sports teamRyerson Rams
NewspapersThe Eyeopener, The Ryersonian
ColoursBlue and gold
AffiliationsAACSB, AUCC, ACU, U Sports, COU, IAU, OUA, ONWiE
MascotEggy the Ram
Websitewww.ryerson.ca

The majority of its buildings are in the blocks northeast of the Yonge–Dundas Square in Toronto's Garden District. Ryerson's business school, Ted Rogers School of Management, is on the southwest end of the Yonge–Dundas Square, located on Bay Street, slightly north of Toronto's Financial District and is attached to the Toronto Eaton Centre. The university has expanded substantially in recent years with new buildings such as the Mattamy Athletic Centre, in the historical Maple Leaf Gardens arena, former home of the Toronto Maple Leafs.[6] The university's administration services are also housed in 1 Dundas and 495 Yonge Street. The university is composed of 44,400 undergraduate students, 2,950 graduate students, and 12,000 continuing-education students.[4][7] Ryerson is ranked 4th in Ontario and 10th in Canada by student enrolment.[8]

Ryerson University is home to Canada's largest undergraduate business school, the Ted Rogers School of Management,[9] and Canada's third largest undergraduate engineering school, the Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, as well as the Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Communication & Design, Faculty of Community Services, and the Faculty of Science.

In 2017, the university was approved by the Federation of Law Societies of Canada to begin working towards establishing a social justice and innovation focused law school.[10] The school will mark the third law school in Toronto after York's Osgoode program and University of Toronto's Law degree.

In addition to offering full-time and part-time undergraduate and graduate programs leading to Bachelor's, Master's and Doctoral degrees, the university also offers part-time degrees, distance education, and certificates through the G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education.[11]

History

During the Second World War, Howard Hillen Kerr, the director of the Training and Re-Establishment Institute, and other members of the Toronto Board of Education saw a need for provide specialized institutes that would provide educational and vocational training for specific jobs for returning veterans.[12] The idea to create an institution that spanned "the gap" between secondary education and universities was the result of a trip undertaken by Kerr to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1943; with Kerr envisioning a similar institute established in Canada.[13] Kerr's effort to establish an institute of this nature led to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario to pass the Vocational Education Act, leading to the creation of vocational schools and technological institutes.[13] Although several new institutes were planned during the war, their establishment was delayed by the advent of the Cold War and the potential need to remobilize.[14] However, with the prospect of war diminished greatly by 1948, the decision was made to open the Ryerson Institute of Technology; with class catalogues hastily issued in August 1948.[14]

Statue of Egerton Ryerson at the university's campus

The school was named the school after Egerton Ryerson; who established the Toronto Normal School in 1847 on the future site of the Ryerson Institute of Technology.[13] In addition to establishing the normal school, Ryerson helped develop education in Canada West as the region's chief superintendent of education, creating a model for publicly-funding the training of teachers, and helping to draft Canada West's Education Act, 1846.[13] The site of the normal school eventually developed into several buildings used by the Ontario Agricultural College, and the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, and a training centre for the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War.[13] During the war, Kerr was also the site's director prior to becoming the director of the Training and Re-Establishment Institute.[13]

The Ryerson Instute of Technology was officially opened on 16 September 1948;[15] with approximately 250 students enrolled at the institution in its first year of operation.[16] Kerr served as Ryerson's first principal.[13] He held the office as principal until 1966, when he became the head of the Council of Regents for Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology, helping to establish a number of other colleges in Ontario modelled after Ryerson.[13] The initial aim for the institute to serve as a career training and vocational school was reflected by its early enrolment, with the majority of its early students being enrolled in continuing education part-time night school programs, as opposed to a full-year academic stream.[14] Initially the institute only offered two-year career training and vocational programs, although its program catalogue was later expanded to include three-year diplomas by the early 1950s.[15] In an effort to also create an "educated base of citizens," Kerr mandated that English, physical education, and history be mandated in the school's curriculum in 1952.[14]

Initially, plans were made to house the institute entirely within the Toronto Normal School building, although rapid growth in student body population made such plans impossible. In order to accommodate the growing student body, work on the first building built specifically for the institute began in 1958; and was completed in 1963.[17] However, the completion of Kerr Hall resulted in the destruction of several buildings, including temporary barracks used during the Second World War;[18] and Toronto Normal School building excluding its portico façade.[19] A number of other buildings were later built surrounding the courtyard.[19]

Exterior of Kerr Hall. Kerr Hall was completed in 1963 in order to accommodate the institution's growing student body.

In 1964, the province amended the institution's governing legislation to provide it with their own board of governors, and changed the name of the school to Ryerson Polytechnical Institute.[15][20] In the same year, the nursing programs of three hospitals was transferred to Ryerson, with a nursing program established there. The nursing program was the first one to be offered in a post-secondary institution in Canada.[note 1][20][21] In 1971, the institute was granted degree-granting powers from Ontario's legislative assembly.[22]

In 1993, the was recognized as a full-fledged polytechnic university by the government of Ontario and renamed Ryerson Polytechnic University; expanding the mandate of the institution to include scholarly research, and graduate programs.[22] The university's school of graduate studies was formally established in 1997.[15] In June 2002, the institution shortened its name to Ryerson University in order to reflect its status as a full-fledged university.[16] The beginning of the 21st century saw another construction boom on its campus.[15]

After the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada released its report in May 2015, the university acted on several recommendations made out to post-secondary institutions in the report.[23] As a result of Egerton Ryerson association with the establishment of the Canadian Indian residential school system, the institution faced several calls to reevaluate the namesake of the university in 2017.[24][25] In 2018, Ryerson faculty member, Denise O'Neil Green, led the community-wide consultation to formulate a response towards the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's report.[23] She was later appointed the university's first vice-president for equity and community inclusion; the first vice-president position with this mandate in a Canadian post-secondary institution.[26][27] In 2018, a plaque that describes Egerton Ryerson's role in the residential school system was placed next to a university's statue of Egerton.[23]

Campus

Ryerson Square

Ryerson's central hub is a pedestrian area that runs along Gould and Victoria Streets, known as Ryerson Square.[28]

In 1978 the public lane known as Victoria Street extending south from Gould was closed to vehicle traffic.[29] The southeasterly corner of at this intersection was a parking lot.[30] This space now forms part of Devonian Square and features a reflecting pond used as a skating rink in the winter.[31][32] Devonian Square is owned by Ryerson but is maintained by the City of Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation. The park was designed in 1978 by Toronto landscape architecture firm Richard Strong, Steven Moorhead Ltd. Design and construction of the square was partially funded by the Devonian Group of Charitable Foundations of Calgary—lending the park its name. The space features huge Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks that are approximately two billion years old. These were trucked in from the Canadian Shield.[33]

Wanting to expand the pedestrian area, the Ryerson Students' Union (RSU) campaigned for years to close off traffic from Gould Street. In 2010 a one-year pilot program was approved which was later extended by six months.[34] On February 6, 2012, Toronto City Council voted to permanently close the street to car traffic, from O'Keefe Lane to Bond Street.[35] The space was official renamed Ryerson Square. It features seating areas, potted plants and is used for a weekly farmers market, student group sign-up days and festivities associated with Ryerson's week of welcome.[36][37]

Campus expansion
Student Learning Centre, from Yonge Street

In 2006, the university announced a large campus expansion, with the creation of a University Master Plan.[38][39] Over the next 10 years, the university expanded substantially, opening several new buildings including the Student Learning Centre,[40] a new student athletic centre at Maple Leaf Gardens,[6] and a new student residence.[41]

In 2008, three properties on Yonge Street, including the former Sam the Record Man store, were acquired to allow the university to construct a Student Learning Centre.[40][42] Opening in 2015, this Snøhetta designed building provides students a space to study and collaborate - as well as giving Ryerson a face on Yonge Street.[43]

In 2012, the university announced a collaboration with a private developer to build a new student residence on Jarvis St.[41] Opening in 2018, the new HOEM residence will increase the number of student residence spaces at the university by 30%.[44]

As of fall 2017, Ryerson's next major development, the Daphne Cockwell Health Sciences Complex, is under construction on Church St north of Dundas St East. When complete in Fall 2018, the 29 storey complex will mix academic space, administrative offices, and 18 storeys of accommodation for 332 students.[45]

In 2013, Ryerson acquired two parking lots from Infrastructure Ontario for $32 million to meet future growth. The properties are a 5,400 m2 (58,000 sq ft) lot at 202 Jarvis Street (at Dundas Street) and a 750 m2 (8,100 sq ft) plot at 136 Dundas Street East (and Mutual Street). The two sites will continue as parking lots until the university raises capital funding.[46] In 2019, Ryerson submitted a rezoning application for a 41-storey tower at 202 Jarvis Street, which will include an 11-storey academic base with classrooms, labs, and research space intended for the Faculty of Science, along with a student residence.[47][48]

In 2018, it was announced that in 2022 Ryerson would open a new campus in Brampton, Ontario in partnership with Sheridan College. The new campus would focus on delivering programs in science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics (STEAM).[49][50][51][52] In April 2018, funding of $90 million was offered by the provincial government for the project.[53][54] On 23 October 2018 however, the new Provincial government (elected in June) withdrew the funding for plans such as this, effectively cancelling the project.[55]

Mattamy Athletic Centre
Main article: Maple Leaf Gardens

University President Sheldon Levy announced December 1, 2009, that the school would acquire and renovate the Maple Leaf Gardens for use as a university athletic facility, at an estimated cost of $60 million. The cost was split three ways between the Canadian federal government, Ryerson University, and Loblaws.[6][56] Known as the Mattamy Athletic Centre, the facility includes sports venues and classrooms on upper levels. The street and lower levels feature a Loblaws supermarket, a Joe Fresh store, an LCBO store, and parking. Ryerson and Loblaws each own their space.[57]

The Mattamy Athletic Centre (commonly known as the "MAC") has full size basketball and volleyball courts, the Mattamy Home Ice (NHL sized skating rink), a cardio room, fitness centre with dumbbells and additional fitness machines.[58]

Elizabeth Wyn Wood's bas-relief at Ryerson University in Toronto
Ryerson logo on Maple Leaf Gardens
Elizabeth Wyn Wood's high relief of a goalie at Ryerson University in Toronto

Library
Main article: Ryerson University Library

The Ryerson Library collection consists of over 500,000 books, 3,700 print journal titles and over $2 million of electronic resources, including approximately 23,000 e-journals, approximately over 90,000 e-books, databases and indexes, geospatial data, and catalogued websites or electronic documents. Most of the electronic resources can be accessed remotely by Ryerson community members with internet access, although authentication of Ryerson Library registration is required for access to all commercial resources. The library acquires materials to support the curriculum taught at the university and to support the research needs of faculty. All hard copy materials are housed in the library building at Gould and Victoria Streets.

The 11-storey tower was built in 1974, and is a classic example of Brutalist architecture. The library buildings also hold an administrative office, the Nursing Collaborative, and, until 2007, the urban and Regional Planning program, when it moved to another facility increasing available space for the library additional.

As part of the Ryerson University Master Plan, the library is expected to either relocate or undergo extensive renovations in the next several years. To improve study space, the entire fourth floor of the library underwent construction during the 2008 academic year. The renovation included the addition of lounges, a graduate reading room, and LCD panels.[59] The second floor of the library is connected via bridge to the Student Learning Centre which opened in early 2015.[60]

List of facilities
Facilities
  • School of Performance (THR)
  • Ryerson Athletic Centre (RAC)
  • Pitman Hall - Residence (PIT)
  • International Living/Learning Centre (ILC)
  • Jorgenson Hall (JOR)
  • School of Image Arts (IMA)
  • School of Interior Design (SID)
  • Architecture Building (ARC)
  • Eric Palin Hall (EPH)
  • Podium building (POD)
  • Co-operative Education (COP)
  • Campus Planning and Facilities (CPF)
  • Sheldon and Tracy Levy Student Learning Centre (SLC)[61]

Since 2008, Ryerson has also used the Cineplex facilities (in 10 Dundas East) for lectures during the daytime.

Organization

Ted Rogers School of Management
Ted Rogers School of Management

The Ted Rogers School of Management (TRSM) is a business school accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).[62] Located on Bay Street near Toronto's financial district, the TRSM offers various programs in a variety of business disciplines. The school houses Canada's largest undergraduate management program, along with several graduate programs.[63][64][65]

The Ted Rogers School of Management is a recognized leader in entrepreneurship education in Canada and houses the Ryerson University Entrepreneurship Program, one of the largest entrepreneurship programs in Canada.[66]

Graduate studies consist of an MBA with a global focus and an MBA in the Management of Technology and Innovation. The school also offers a research focused Master of Management Science (MScM) in the Management of Technology and Innovation. The acceptance rate of Ted Rogers School of Management's MBA program is 25%, the second lowest of 39 Canadian MBA programs ranked by Financial Post in March 2012.[67]

In the 2009–2010 academic year, Ryerson introduced two new majors to the Business Management program: Law & Business, and Global Management Studies. The Global Management Studies major is a successor of the Management major, last offered in 2010–2011.[68] In fall 2013, Ted Rogers School of Management launched a new School of Accounting and Finance. Accounting and Finance majors are exclusively offered through the School of Accounting and Finance and are no longer attainable through the Business Management Program.

Ted Rogers School of Management logo

The business programs housed on campus in the "Business Building", moved into new facilities after a $15 million donation from Ted Rogers. The school is within a new wing of the Toronto Eaton Centre at the southeast corner of Bay and Dundas Streets. The school occupies three floors of the nine-floor wing (two floors are occupied by retail uses, with an above-grade parking garage occupying the remaining three storeys). The integration of the Ryerson faculty with commercial uses in the same building has been praised as an innovative solution for the downtown university.[69]

The school received national notoriety when one of its professors (James Norrie) insulted the cast of the Dragons' Den during the final negotiations stage of a successful pitch by students of the school. The deal ultimately fell through because of the professor's actions. The same professor was later banned from campus and sued the university.[70]

Faculty of Arts

The Faculty of Arts comprises eleven humanities and social science departments and plays a dual role in the university. The faculty offers graduate programs, at both the master's and doctoral levels.

Departments included Arts and Contemporary Studies; Criminology; Economics; English; Geography and Environmental Studies; History; Languages; Literatures; and Cultures; Philosophy; Politics and Public Administration; Psychology; Sociology; and Undeclared Arts.[71]

Faculty of Communication & Design

The Faculty of Communication & Design is composed of nine schools, offering a total of 13 undergraduate and seven graduate degrees of major study.[72]

Under the Faculty of Communication & Design (FCAD), houses the most prestigious fashion program in Canada. The School of Fashion has a strong international reputation that's been rooted from over 65 years of leadership in fashion education. It is amongst top 10 fashion school in Canada, with over 600 full-time fashion students from approximately 146 different countries. Most recently, it was ranked amongst the best fashion schools at the undergraduate level in the world 2019 by BoF Education Council.

Graduate programs include a Ph.D. and MA programs in Communications and Culture (jointly with York University) and master's degrees in documentary media, fashion studies, journalism, media production, photographic preservation and collections management, and professional communications. The faculty also houses a gallery and museum, the Ryerson Image Centre, and The Catalyst.

Faculty of Community Services

Ryerson's Faculty of Community Services offers multi-disciplinary programs in health, early-childhood studies, social justice, and community development. The faculty incorporates health and safety programs under the School of Occupational and Public Health. The School of Occupational and Public Health is considered a leader in injury- and disease-prevention education. Ryerson University is the only school that offers a degree program in occupational health and safety in Ontario. Certificate programs in health and safety can be completed through the Chang School of Continuing Education.

The faculty also includes the Midwifery Education Program (MEP), which celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2013.

The University also hosts a large nursing school named in 2008 for Daphne Cockwell, mother of donor Jack Cockwell and nurse who volunteered to work with veterans returning to South Africa from World War II.[73]

As well, the faculty includes the School of Urban and Regional Planning. offering programs at both the undergraduate and graduate level.

Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science

The Ryerson Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science (formerly Faculty of Engineering, Architecture & Science) is one of Canada's largest engineering faculties, with over 4,000 undergraduate students enrolled in 9 bachelor's degree programs (19 when including options/specializations), and over 500 graduate students in 15 master's and 5 doctoral degree programs in Aerospace Engineering, Architecture, Biomedical Engineering, Building Science, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Networks, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Energy & Innovation, Industrial and Mechanical Engineering.[74] Ryerson's Aerospace Computational Laboratory is a node for the High Performance Computational Virtual Laboratory for the Greater Toronto Area. The HPCVL is an interuniversity high-speed computation network which acts as a virtual supercomputer, providing the intensive computation power needed in the solution of complex problems in engineering and other disciplines.

Ryerson University's Department of Architectural Science is housed in a building at 325 Church Street designed by the prominent Canadian architect Ronald Thom (Ryersonian). It offers a program in architecture accredited by the Canadian Architectural Certification Board at the bachelor level (B.Arch.) and the master's level (M.Arch.).[75]

The Centre for Computing and Engineering opened in September 2004 and is a state-of-the-art science, technology, and research facility spanning almost an entire city block in downtown Toronto. The building was renamed the George Vari Engineering and Computing Centre in November 2005. Ryerson researchers in the engineering and science disciplines have earned prestigious Premier's Research Excellence Awards (PREA), Canada Research Chairs, NSERC Industrial Research Chair. A biomedical engineering program started at Ryerson in fall 2008 is the first such program in Canada.

The faculty hosts the Centre for Urban Energy. CUE is co-sponsored by Hydro One, Ontario Power Authority and Toronto Hydro. The centre focuses on energy research and urban energy challenges.

Faculty of Science

On June 29, 2011, the university announced the University Senate approved a Faculty of Science, the newest faculty at Ryerson University in approximately 40 years. The Faculty of Science consists of the four founding departments – Chemistry & Biology, Physics, Mathematics, and Computer Science.[76] Professor Imogen Coe was the first and founding Dean of Science. Prior to this, Coe was the Associate Dean of Research at York University, and before that, the Chair of the Department of Biology.[77]

Ryerson University's Faculty of Science offers a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in areas of applied mathematics, biology, biomedical science, chemistry, computer science, financial mathematics, and medical physics. Graduate studies consist of areas in biomolecular, biomedical, computational and mathematical studies.

Continuing Education
Heaslip House

The G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education is the school responsible for continuing education within Ryerson University. It offers certificate programs, degree credit courses, and certificate and interest courses. It is one of Canada's largest providers of university-based adult education, with 68,000 annual enrolments in 2017–2018.[7]

The DMZ
Main article: The DMZ at Ryerson University

The DMZ is a business incubator for startups from Ryerson and around the world. Since its inception in 2010, the DMZ has incubated over 300 startups. It also has a Digital Specialization Programme and a Fellowship programme where skills are imparted.[78] In April 2015, on the 5 year anniversary of the founding of the DMZ, the name was shortened from "Digital Media Zone" to DMZ.[79]

The DMZ is ranked as the no. 1 university-based incubator in the world, and no. 1 in North America by UBI Global.[80]

Reputation and rankings
University rankings
Global rankings
ARWU World[81]901–1000
QS World[82]801–1000
Times World[83]601–800
U.S News & World Report Global[84]965
Canadian rankings
ARWU National[81]27–28
QS National[82]26
Times National[83]22–26
U.S News & World Report National[84]27
Maclean's Comprehensive[85]12
Maclean's Reputation[86]15

Ryerson is one of the most applied-to universities in Ontario relative to available spaces. In 2009, 2010, and 2011 (latest data available), the university ranked second in Ontario for first-choice applications from graduating high school students.[87] In the 2015–16 academic year, there were 69,382 undergraduate applications to Ryerson for 8,483 available spots.[88]

The University Business Incubator Index ranked Ryerson #1 in Canada and #3 in the world among more than 400 incubators in over 70 countries.[89]

Research Infosource ranks Ryerson as the top university in Canada in the "Undergraduate" category in its list of Canada's Top 50 Research Universities 2014.[90] Ryerson ranked 27 in Canada, based on sponsored research income, for 2014.[91]

The Globe and Mail's Canadian University Report 2013 classifies Ryerson as a Large University (over 22,000 students) where it was graded "A-" in the "Quality of Teaching and Learning" category.[92]

In Maclean's 2021 University Rankings, Ryerson placed 12th in the publication's "Comprehensive University" category.[85] In the same year, Ryerson placed 15th in Maclean's reputational rankings.[86]

In its 2017 rankings, Canadian Business named Ryerson's MBA program one of the top 10 MBA programs in Canada by reputation.[93] In 2017, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked Ryerson's MBA program 24th in MBA programs outside the U.S.[94] In 2019, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked Ryerson's MBA program 5th overall in Canadian MBA programs.[95]

Student life
Demographics of student body (2014–15)[96]
UndergraduateGraduate
Male 46.1%49.5%
Female 53.9%50.5%
Canadian student 96.7%90.2%
International student 3.3%9.8%

Ryerson has 39,300 undergraduate students and 2,600 students in the masters and Ph.D programs.[97] Many of the students are from within the Greater Toronto Area, but it also draws students from other countries.[98] Ryerson is among the largest commuter schools in Canada, with upwards of 90 percent of all students commuting to campus.[99]

The university provides on-campus housing for 1417 students in three residence buildings located on the university campus: the International Living/Learning Centre (ILC) at 240 Jarvis St, Pitman Hall at 160 Mutual St, and the Daphne Cockwell Complex at 288 Church st.[100] Ryerson Housing & Residence Life also has a formal partnership with the HOEM Residence, a privately owned student residence located at 186 Jarvis St. HOEM is the largest residence on campus. The O'Keefe House at Bond and Gould streets was previously used as a student residence but was retired on the opening of the HOEM residence just off campus.

Student media at the university include campus radio station CJRU (succeeding CKLN-FM and CJRT-FM) and the student newspaper The Eyeopener. Students in the university's journalism program produce a second newspaper, The Ryersonian, and a biannual magazine, the Ryerson Review of Journalism. The newspaper "The Golden Ram" is produced by the Ryerson Engineering Student Society (RESS).

Ryerson officially does not allow Greek life, but unofficially has the following Greek letter organization affiliations:

  • Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity (Pi Rho chapter)
  • Delta Phi Nu sorority (Sigma Tau chapter)[101]
  • Delta Pi sorority (Alpha chapter)
  • Delta Psi Delta sorority (Gamma chapter)
  • Kappa Beta Gamma sorority (Alpha Pi chapter)
  • Phi Kappa Pi fraternity (Sigma Pi chapter)
  • Sigma Chi fraternity (Beta Omega chapter)
  • Sigma Pi fraternity (Eta Omicron chapter)

Notable people
Main article: List of Ryerson University people

In November 2005, Professor Arne Kislenko won TVOntario's first Best Lecturer Series. In 2006, Ryerson University had two professors in the semi-finals for TVO's second Best Lecturer Competition. Philosophy professor Dr. James Cunningham, and radio and television arts professor Dana Lee were semi-finalists. In 2006, Greg Inwood, professor in the department of Politics and Public Administration, was awarded the prestigious Donald Smiley Prize for his book Continentalizing Canada: The Politics and Legacy of the Macdonald Royal Commission. Criminal justice history and international relations professor Peter Vronsky published Serial Killers: The Method and Madness of Monsters (2004), a bestselling history of serial homicide, and more recently a controversial history of Canada's first modern battle, Ridgeway: The American Fenian Invasion and the 1866 Battle That Made Canada (2011).

The Canadian director Brandon Cronenberg,[102] son of David Cronenberg, also studied here.

Associations

See also

Explanatory notes
  1. Prior to 1964, training for nurses in Canada typically occurred in a hospital setting.[21]

References
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