David Cronenberg

David Paul Cronenberg CC OOnt (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian film director, screenwriter, and actor.[1] He is one of the principal originators of what is commonly known as the body horror genre, with his films exploring visceral bodily transformation, infection, technology, and the intertwining of the psychological with the physical. In the first third of his career he explored these themes mostly through horror and science fiction films such as Scanners (1981) and Videodrome (1983), although his work has since expanded beyond these genres.

David Cronenberg

CC OOnt
Cronenberg at the 2012 Genie Awards
Born
David Paul Cronenberg

(1943-03-15) March 15, 1943
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
NationalityCanadian
Alma materUniversity of Toronto
Occupation
  • Director
  • screenwriter
  • actor
Years active1966–present
Children3, including Brandon and Caitlin

Cronenberg's films have polarized critics and audiences alike; he has earned critical acclaim and has sparked controversy for his depictions of gore and violence.[2][3] The Village Voice called him "the most audacious and challenging narrative director in the English-speaking world".[4] His films have won numerous awards, including, for Crash, the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, a unique award that is distinct from the Jury Prize as it is not given annually, but only at the request of the official jury, who in this case gave the award "for originality, for daring, and for audacity".[5]

Early life

Born in Toronto, Ontario, Cronenberg is the son of Esther (née Sumberg), a musician, and Milton Cronenberg, a writer and editor.[6] He was raised in a "middle-class progressive Jewish family."[7][8] His father was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and his mother was born in Toronto; all of his Jewish grandparents were from Lithuania.[9] They kept the Cronenberg household full of a wide variety of books, and Cronenberg's father tried to introduce him to art films such as The Seventh Seal, although at the time, Cronenberg was more interested in western and pirate films, showing a particular affinity for those featuring Burt Lancaster.[10]

A voracious reader from an early age, Cronenberg started off enjoying science fiction magazines like The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Galaxy, and Astounding, where he first encountered authors who would prove influential on his own work, including Ray Bradbury and Isaac Asimov, although he wouldn't encounter his primary influence, Phillip K. Dick, until much later. Cronenberg also read comic books, noting his favorites were Tarzan, Little Lulu, Uncle Scrooge, Blackhawk, Plastic Man, Superman and the original Fawcett Comics version of Captain Marvel, later known as Shazam. Although as an adult, Cronenberg feels superhero films are artistically limited, he maintains a fondness for Captain Marvel/Shazam, criticizing how he feels the character been neglected.[11][12] Cronenberg also read horror comics published by EC, which in contrast to the others, he described as "scary and bizarre and violent and nasty—the ones your mother didn’t want you to have."[13]

Early films that later proved influential on Cronenberg's career include standard avant-garde, horror, science fiction, and thriller films, such as Un Chien Andalou, Vampyr, War of the Worlds, Freaks, Creature from the Black Lagoon, Alphaville, Performance, and Duel. However, Cronenberg has also cited less obvious films as influences, including comedies like The Bed Sitting Room, as well as Disney cartoons such as Bambi and Dumbo.[14] Cronenberg said he found these two Disney animated films, as well as Universal's live-action Blue Lagoon, "terrifying" which influenced his approach to horror.[15] Cronenberg went on to say that Bambi was the "first important film" he ever saw, citing the moment when Bambi's mother died as particularly powerful.[16] Cronenberg even wished to screen Bambi as part of a museum exhibition of his influences, but Disney refused him permission.[17] In terms of conventional horror films that frightened him, Cronenberg cited Don't Look Now.[18]

Cronenberg began writing as a child and did so constantly, mainly working in the writing science fiction genre. He attended high school at Harbord Collegiate Institute and North Toronto Collegiate Institute. A keen interest in science, especially botany and lepidopterology, led him to enter the Honours Science program at the University of Toronto in 1963, but he switched to Honours English Language and Literature later in his first year.

Cronenberg's fascination with the film Winter Kept Us Warm (1966), by classmate David Secter, sparked his interest in film. He began frequenting film camera rental houses, learning the art of filmmaking, and made two 16mm films (Transfer and From the Drain). Inspired by the New York underground film scene, he founded the Toronto Film Co-op with Iain Ewing and Ivan Reitman. After taking a year off to travel in Europe, he returned to Canada in 1967 and graduated from University College of the University of Toronto at the top of his class.[19]

Career

After two short sketch films and two short art-house features (the black-and-white Stereo and the colour Crimes of the Future) Cronenberg went into partnership with Ivan Reitman. The Canadian government provided financing for his films throughout the 1970s. During this period, he focused on his signature "body horror" films such as Shivers and Rabid, the latter of which provided pornographic actress Marilyn Chambers with work in a different genre, although Cronenberg's first choice for the role had been a then little-known Sissy Spacek. Rabid was a breakthrough with international distributors, and his next two horror features, The Brood and Scanners, gained stronger support. Even at this stage however, Cronenberg showed variety, by making Fast Company between The Brood and Rabid, a project reflecting his interest in car racing and bike gangs.

Cronenberg has cited William S. Burroughs and Vladimir Nabokov as influences.[20] Perhaps the best example of a film that straddles the line between his works of personal chaos and psychological confusion is Cronenberg's 1991 "adaptation" of Naked Lunch (1959), his literary hero William S. Burroughs' most controversial book. The novel was considered "unfilmable", and Cronenberg acknowledged that a straight translation into film would "cost 400 million dollars and be banned in every country in the world". Instead—much like in his earlier film, Videodrome—he consistently blurred the lines between what appeared to be reality and what appeared to be hallucinations brought on by the main character's drug addiction. Some of the book's "moments" (as well as incidents loosely based upon Burroughs' life) are presented in this manner within the film. Cronenberg stated that while writing the screenplay for Naked Lunch (1991), he felt a moment of synergy with Burroughs' writing style. He felt the connection between his screenwriting style and Burroughs' prose style was so strong, that he jokingly remarked that should Burroughs pass on, "I'll just write his next book."

Cronenberg has said that his films should be seen "from the point of view of the disease", and that in Shivers, for example, he identifies with the characters after they become infected with the anarchic parasites. Disease and disaster, in Cronenberg's work, are less problems to be overcome than agents of personal transformation. Of his characters' transformations, Cronenberg said, "But because of our necessity to impose our own structure of perception on things we look on ourselves as being relatively stable. But, in fact, when I look at a person I see this maelstrom of organic, chemical and electron chaos; volatility and instability, shimmering; and the ability to change and transform and transmute."[21] Similarly, in Crash (1996), people who have been injured in car crashes attempt to view their ordeal as "a fertilizing rather than a destructive event". In 2005, Cronenberg publicly disagreed with Paul Haggis' choice of the same name for the latter's Oscar-winning film Crash (2004), arguing that it was "very disrespectful" to the "important and seminal" J.G. Ballard novel on which Cronenberg's film was based.[22]

Aside from The Dead Zone (1983) and The Fly (1986), Cronenberg has not generally worked within the world of big-budget, mainstream Hollywood filmmaking, although he has had occasional near misses. At one stage he was considered by George Lucas as a possible director for Return of the Jedi (1983) but was passed over. Cronenberg also worked for nearly a year on a version of Total Recall (1990), but experienced "creative differences" with producers Dino De Laurentiis and Ronald Shusett; a different version of the film was eventually made by Paul Verhoeven. A fan of Philip K. Dick's, author of "We Can Remember it For You Wholesale", the short story upon which the film was based, Cronenberg related in the 1992 biography/overview of his work, Cronenberg on Cronenberg, that his dissatisfaction with what he envisioned the film to be and what it ended up being pained him so greatly that for a time, he suffered a migraine just thinking about it, akin to a needle piercing his eye.[23]

In the late 1990s, Cronenberg was announced as director of a sequel to another Verhoeven film, Basic Instinct (1992), but this also fell through. His thriller A History of Violence (2005) is one of his highest budgeted and most accessible to date. He has said that the decision to direct it was influenced by his having had to defer some of his salary on the low-budgeted Spider (2002), but it was one of his most critically acclaimed films to date, along with Eastern Promises (2007), a film about the struggle of one man to gain power in the Russian Mafia.

Cronenberg at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival

Cronenberg has collaborated with composer Howard Shore on all of his films since The Brood (1979), (see List of noted film director and composer collaborations) with the exception of The Dead Zone (1983), which was scored by Michael Kamen. Other regular collaborators include actor Robert Silverman, art director Carol Spier, sound editor Bryan Day, film editor Ronald Sanders, his sister, costume designer Denise Cronenberg, and, from 1979 until 1988, cinematographer Mark Irwin. In 2008, Cronenberg directed Howard Shore's first opera, The Fly.

Since Dead Ringers (1988), Cronenberg has worked with cinematographer Peter Suschitzky on each of his films (see List of film director and cinematographer collaborations). Suschitzky was the director of photography for The Empire Strikes Back (1980), and Cronenberg remarked that Suschitzky's work in that film "was the only one of those movies that actually looked good",[24] which was a motivating factor to work with him on Dead Ringers.

Although Cronenberg has worked with a number of Hollywood stars, he remains a staunchly Canadian filmmaker, with nearly all of his films (including major studio vehicles The Dead Zone and The Fly) having been filmed in his home province Ontario. Notable exceptions include M. Butterfly (1993), most of which was shot in China, Spider, and Eastern Promises (2007), which were both filmed primarily in England, and A Dangerous Method (2011), which was filmed in Germany and Austria. Rabid and Shivers were shot in and around Montreal. Most of his films have been at least partially financed by Telefilm Canada, and Cronenberg, a vocal supporter of government-backed film projects, has said: "Every country needs [a system of government grants] to have a national cinema in the face of Hollywood".[25]

Cronenberg has also appeared as an actor in other directors' films. Most of his roles are cameo appearances, as in the films Into the Night (1985), Blood and Donuts (1995), To Die For (1995), and Jason X (2002) and the television series Alias, but on occasion he has played major roles, as in Nightbreed (1990) and Last Night (1998). He has not had major roles in any of his own films, but he did put in a brief appearance as a gynecologist in The Fly; he can also be glimpsed among the sex-crazed hordes in Shivers; he can be heard as an unseen car-pound attendant in Crash; his hands can be glimpsed in eXistenZ (1999); and he appeared as a stand-in for James Woods in Videodrome for shots in which Woods' character wore a helmet that covered his head.

In 2008, Cronenberg realized two extra-cinematographic projects: the exhibition Chromosomes at the Rome Film Fest, and the opera The Fly at the LaOpera in Los Angeles and Theatre Châtelet in Paris. In July 2010, Cronenberg completed production on A Dangerous Method (2011), an adaptation of Christopher Hampton's play The Talking Cure, starring Keira Knightley, Michael Fassbender, and frequent collaborator Viggo Mortensen. The film was produced by independent British producer Jeremy Thomas.[26][27]

In 2012, his film Cosmopolis competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.[28][29]

In the October 2011 edition of Rue Morgue, Cronenberg stated that he has written a companion piece to his 1986 remake of The Fly, which he would like to direct if given the chance. He has stated that it is not a traditional sequel, but rather a "parallel story".[30]

For a time it appeared that, as Eastern Promises producer Paul Webster told Screen International, a sequel is in the works that would reunite the key team of Cronenberg, Steven Knight, and Viggo Mortensen. The film was to be made by Webster's new production company Shoebox Films in collaboration with Focus Features, and shot in early 2013.[31] However, in 2012, Cronenberg commented that the Eastern Promises sequel had fallen through due to budget disagreement with Focus Features.[32]

Filming for Cronenberg's next film, a satire drama entitled Maps to the Stars (2014)—with Julianne Moore, Mia Wasikowska, John Cusack, and Robert Pattinson[33][34]—began on July 8, 2013 in Toronto, Ontario and Los Angeles.[35][36] This was the first time Cronenberg filmed in the United States.

On June 26, 2014, Cronenberg's short film The Nest was published on YouTube. The film was commissioned for "David Cronenberg – The Exhibition" at EYE Film Institute in Amsterdam and was available on YouTube for the duration of the exhibition, until September 14, 2014.[37] Also in 2014, Cronenberg published his first novel, Consumed.[38]

In a May 2016 interview, Viggo Mortensen revealed that Cronenberg is considering retiring due to difficulty financing his film projects.[39]

Personal life

Cronenberg lives in Toronto.[1] He married his first wife, Margaret Hindson, in 1972: their seven-year marriage ended in 1979 amidst personal and professional differences. They had one daughter, Cassandra Cronenberg. His second wife was film editor Carolyn Zeifman, to whom he was married until her death in 2017.[40] The couple met on the set of Rabid while she was working as a production assistant.[40] They have two children, Caitlin and Brandon.[41] In the book Cronenberg on Cronenberg (1992), he revealed that The Brood was inspired by events that occurred during the unraveling of his first marriage, which caused both Cronenberg and his daughter Cassandra a great deal of turmoil. The character Nola Carveth, mother of the brood, is based on Cassandra's mother. Cronenberg said that he found the shooting of the climactic scene, in which Nola was strangled by her husband, to be "very satisfying".[42]

In a September 2013 interview, Cronenberg revealed that Roman Catholic [43] film director Martin Scorsese admitted to him that he was intrigued by Cronenberg's early work but was subsequently "terrified" to meet him in person. Cronenberg responded to Scorsese: "You're the guy who made Taxi Driver and you're afraid to meet me?"[44] In the same interview, Cronenberg identified as an atheist. "Anytime I've tried to imagine squeezing myself into the box of any particular religion, I find it claustrophobic and oppressive," Cronenberg elaborated. "I think atheism is an acceptance of what is real." In the same interview, Cronenberg revealed that it depends on the "time of day" as to whether or not he is afraid of death. He further stated that he is not concerned about posthumous representations of his film work: "It wouldn't disturb me to think that my work would just sink beneath the waves without trace and that would be it. So what? It doesn't bother me."[44]

In Cronenberg on Cronenberg, the director further elaborated that he was raised in a secular Jewish home, and while he and his family had no disdain towards any religion, such matters were not discussed. In the same book, Cronenberg said that in his teens he went through a phase where he wondered about the existence of God, but ultimately came to the conclusion that the God concept was developed to cope with the fear of death.[23] In a 2007 interview, Cronenberg explained the role atheism plays in his work. He stated, "I'm interested in saying, 'Let us discuss the existential question. We are all going to die, that is the end of all consciousness. There is no afterlife. There is no God. Now what do we do.' That's the point where it starts getting interesting to me."[45][46]

In Cronenberg's later films (e.g. A History of Violence, Eastern Promises and A Dangerous Method) openly religious characters become more common. During an interview for A History of Violence, Cronenberg even chose to identify as a materialist rather than an atheist, stating, "I’m not an atheist, but for me to turn away from any aspect of the human body to me is a philosophical betrayal. And there’s a lot of art and religion whose whole purpose is to turn away from the human body. I feel in my art that my mandate is to not do that."[47]

In a separate 2013 interview, Cronenberg discussed the role religion plays in his films, using Eastern Promises as the main example:

I'm an atheist but not all my characters are atheists. So it's true that I don't think about God ever as part of my life or anything. But if you're a dramatist and you are working with characters who come from a particular culture, you have to accept their understanding of life, and with passion. So the Nikolai character, I'm pretty sure he believes in God and most of the other characters in the movie do too. Some of them are Muslim, some of them are Eastern Orthodox, and that's a part of their life, a part of their understanding of suffering. Because everybody in life suffers but not everybody thinks of that in religious terms. These people do. And they think of suffering as a way to salvation, also in religious terms. I am their God really, as I am creating them; that's religious in itself. I am a very hardcore atheist believe me but you become like an actor really, as a director or a writer. You must take on the character as that character is and believe in it as you're playing it. To allow that character to exist as he would exist. That's really what it's all about, so I have no problem with characters who are religious and believe in God. I would have a problem if that was the point of the whole story because that bores me and I just don't have any emotional or intellectual respect for it, frankly.[48]

Filmography
Year Film
Director Writer Producer
1969 Stereo Yes Yes Yes
1970 Crimes of the Future Yes Yes Yes
1975 Shivers Yes Yes No
1977 Rabid Yes Yes No
1979 Fast Company Yes Yes No
The Brood Yes Yes No
1981 Scanners Yes Yes No
1983 Videodrome Yes Yes No
The Dead Zone Yes No No
1986 The Fly Yes Yes No
1988 Dead Ringers Yes Yes Yes
1991 Naked Lunch Yes Yes No
1993 M. Butterfly Yes No No
1996 Crash Yes Yes Yes
1999 Existenz Yes Yes Yes
2002 Spider Yes No Yes
2005 A History of Violence Yes No No
2007 Eastern Promises Yes No No
2011 A Dangerous Method Yes No No
2012 Cosmopolis Yes Yes Yes
2014 Maps to the Stars Yes No No

Short films
Year Film Director Writer Producer Notes
1966 Transfer Yes Yes Yes Also editor and cinematographer
1967 From the Drain Yes Yes No
2000 Camera Yes Yes No Made for the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival's Preludes program.
2007 To Each His Own Cinema (Chacun son cinéma) Yes No No segment: At the Suicide of the Last Jew in the World in the Last Cinema in the World
2013 The Nest[49] Yes No No

Acting roles
Year Title Role Note
1975 Shivers Infected Crowd Member Uncredited
1983 Videodrome[50] Max Renn (Helmet Scenes)
1985 Into the Night Ed's supervisor in the boardroom
1986 The Fly Gynecologist in the dream sequence
1988 Dead Ringers Obstetrician Uncredited
1990 Nightbreed Dr. Philip K. Decker
1994 Trial by Jury Director
Boozecan Stan Coleburn
Henry & Verlin Doc Fisher
1995 To Die For Man at the Lake Cameo
Blood and Donuts Crime Boss
1996 The Stupids Postal supervisor Cameo
Extreme Measures Hospital Lawyer
1997 The Newsroom Himself Episode "Meltdown: Part 1"
1998 Last Night Duncan
The Grace of God Psychiatrist
1999 Resurrection Father Rousell
2001 Jason X Dr. Wimmer
2003 Alias Dr. Brezzel Episodes "Remnants" and "Conscious"
2010 Barney's Version O'Malley Director No. 2 Cameo
2013 Rewind Benjamin Rourke TV movie
2017 Pig Goat Banana Cricket Dr. Cronenbird Episode "The Goofy Turkey Zone"
Alias Grace Reverend Verringer 4 episodes
2020 Disappearance at Clifton Hill Walter
Falling Proctologist
Star Trek: Discovery Kovich Episodes "Die Trying", "Terra Firma, Part 1" and "That Hope Is You, Part 2"
Television spots
  • Jim Ritchie Sculptor (1971)
  • Letter from Michelangelo (1971)
  • Tourettes (1971)
  • Don Valley (1972)
  • Fort York (1972)
  • Lakeshore (1972)
  • Winter Garden (1972)
  • Scarborough Bluffs (1972)
  • In the Dirt (1972)
Television series
  • Programme X
    • Episode: "Secret Weapons" (1972)
  • Peep Show
    • Episodes: "The Victim" (1975) & "The Lie Chair" [1975]
  • Teleplay
    • Episode: "The Italian Machine" (1976)
  • Friday the 13th: The Series
    • Episode: "Faith Healer" (1987)
  • Scales of Justice
    • Episodes: "Regina vs Horvath" (1990) & "Regina vs Logan" (1990)
  • Star Trek: Discovery
    • Episodes: "Die Trying" (2020) & "Terra Firma, Part 1" (2020)
Commercials
  • Hydro
    • Client: Ontario Hydro
    • Product: Energy conservation
    • Agency: Burghardt Wolowich Crunkhorn
    • Production company: The Partners' Film Company Ltd.
    • Format: 4 x 30-second commercials
    • Titles: Hot Showers, Laundry, Cleaners, Timers
  • Caramilk
    • Client: William Neilson Ltd.
    • Product: Cadbury Caramilk
    • Agency: Scali McCabe, Sloves (Canada) Ltd.
    • Production company: The Partners' Film Company Ltd.
    • Format: 2 x 30-second commercials
    • Titles: Bistro, Surveillance
  • Nike
    • Client: Nike International
    • Product: Nike Air 180
    • Agency: Wieden and Kennedy
    • Production company: The Partners' Film Company Ltd.
    • Format: 1 x 15-second/4 x 30-second commercials
    • Title: Transformation

Recurring collaborators

Awards and recognition

Cronenberg has appeared on various "Greatest Director" lists. In 2004, Science Fiction magazine Strange Horizons named him the second greatest director in the history of the genre, ahead of better known directors such as Steven Spielberg, James Cameron, Jean-Luc Godard, and Ridley Scott.[51] In the same year, The Guardian listed him 9th on their list of "The world's 40 best directors".[52] In 2007, Total Film named him as the 17th greatest director of all-time.[53] Film professor Charles Derry, in his overview of the horror genre Dark Dreams, called the director one of the most important in his field, and that "no discussion of contemporary horror film can conclude without reference to the films of David Cronenberg."[54]

Cronenberg received the Special Jury Prize at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival for Crash.[55] In 1999, he was inducted onto Canada's Walk of Fame,[56] awarded the Silver Bear Award at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival.[57] and that November received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts.[58]

In 2002, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and was promoted to Companion of the Order of Canada (the order's highest rank) in 2014.[59] In 2006 he was awarded the Cannes Film Festival's lifetime achievement award, the Carrosse d'Or.[60] In 2009 Cronenberg received the Légion d'honneur from the government of France.[61] The following year Cronenberg was named an honorary patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin. In 2012, he received the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.[62]

The opening of the "David Cronenberg: Evolution" Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) exhibition occurred on October 30, 2013. Held at the TIFF Bell Lightbox venue, the exhibition paid tribute to the director's entire filmmaking career and the festival's promotional material referred to Cronenberg as "one of Canada's most prolific and iconic filmmakers". The exhibition was shown internationally following the conclusion of the TIFF showing on January 19, 2014.[44][63]

In 2014, he was made a Member of the Order of Ontario in recognition for being "Canada's most celebrated internationally acclaimed filmmaker".[64]

In April 2018, it was announced that Cronenberg would receive the honorary Golden Lion at the 75th Venice International Film Festival.[65]

Cannes Film Festival
Year Nominated work Category Result
1996 Crash Jury Prize Won
Palme d'Or Nominated
2002 Spider Nominated
2005 A History of Violence Nominated
2006 Golden Coach Nominated
2012 Cosmopolis Palme d'Or Nominated
2014 Maps to the Stars Nominated

Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television

Best Picture

Year Nominated work Result
1988 Dead Ringers Won
1996 Crash Nominated
1999 eXistenZ Nominated

Best Director

Year Nominated work Result
1981 Scanners Nominated
1983 Videodrome Won
1988 Dead Ringers Won
1991 Naked Lunch Won
1996 Crash Won
2002 Spider Won
2007 Eastern Promises Nominated
2011 A Dangerous Method Nominated
2014 Maps to the Stars Nominated

Best Screenplay

Year Nominated work Result
1981 Scanners Nominated
1983 Videodrome Nominated
1988 Dead Ringers Won
1991 Naked Lunch Won
1996 Crash Won
2012 Cosmopolis Nominated

Saturn Awards
Year Nominated work Category Result
1983 The Dead Zone Best Director Nominated
1986 The Fly Nominated
1988 Dead Ringers Best Horror Film Nominated
Best Writing Nominated
1999 eXistenZ Best Science Fiction Film Nominated

Writings
  • Cronenberg, David (1992). Rodley, Chris (ed.). Cronenberg on Cronenberg (1st ed.). Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-14436-5.
  • Cronenberg, David (1997). Crash. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19127-4.
  • Cronenberg, David (1999). eXistenZ: A Graphic Novel. Key Porter Books. ISBN 1-55263-027-7.
  • Cronenberg, David (2002). David Cronenberg: Collected Screenplays 1: Stereo, Crimes of the Future, Shivers, Rabid. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-21017-1.
  • Cronenberg, David (2005). Red Cars. Volumina Artbooks. Bologna, Italia: Associazione culturale Volumina. ISBN 978-88-901996-8-4.
  • Cronenberg, David (2014). Consumed: A Novel. Scribner. ISBN 978-1-416-59613-4.
  • Grünberg, Serge & Cronenberg, David (2005). David Cronenberg: Interviews with Serge Grünberg. Plexus Publishing. ISBN 0-85965-376-5.

References
  1. Cronenberg 1992, p. 1.
  2. "Cronenberg defends movie's naked bathhouse scene". CTVNews. September 11, 2007. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  3. "Director David Cronenberg: Responsible violence?". CNN. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  4. J. Hoberman (May 17, 2005). "Historical Oversight". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  5. Maslin, Janet (May 21, 1996). "Secrets and Lies' Wins the Top Prize at Cannes". The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
  6. "David Cronenberg Biography (1943–)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  7. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)."
  8. "Canadian Icon: David Cronenberg". April 14, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  9. "Film-Related 2007". Viggo Works. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  10. https://nymag.com/nymetro/movies/features/14547/
  11. http://cronenbergmuseum.tiff.net/science_transcription_06-science_transcript_06-eng.html
  12. https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a448221/david-cronenberg-superhero-movies-are-adolescent-at-the-core/
  13. https://nymag.com/nymetro/movies/features/14547/
  14. https://www.indiewire.com/2013/05/watch-90-minute-discussion-with-david-cronenberg-about-his-career-films-inspirations-much-more-98530/
  15. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/sep/14/david-cronenberg-interview-my-imagination-not-a-place-of-horror
  16. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/the-cronenbergs-dark-art-just-runs-in-the-family/article4198336/
  17. http://cronenbergmuseum.tiff.net/tiff_01-eng.html
  18. https://www.indiewire.com/2013/05/watch-90-minute-discussion-with-david-cronenberg-about-his-career-films-inspirations-much-more-98530/
  19. "David Cronenberg: Full Biography". The New York Times. January 8, 2012. Archived from the original on February 22, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  20. Browning, Mark (2007). David Cronenberg: Author or Film-maker?. Intellect Books. ISBN 978-1-84150-173-4.
  21. Gordon, Bette (Winter 1989). "David Cronenberg". BOMB Magazine. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
  22. "Double Trouble". Slate. May 12, 2005. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  23. Cronenberg, David (1992). Cronenberg on Cronenberg. Faber & Faber. ISBN 9780571144365.
  24. "David Cronenberg Re-Examines David Cronenberg". Film Freak Central. March 9, 2003. Archived from the original on April 1, 2003. Retrieved March 9, 2003.
  25. Phipps, Keith. "David Cronenberg". The A.V. Club. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  26. "Viggo Mortensen Replaces Christoph Waltz As Sigmund Freud in David Cronenberg's 'The Talking Cure'". The Playlist. March 9, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  27. "Keira Knightley Takes The Talking Cure". Empire. December 23, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  28. "2012 Official Selection". Cannes Film Festival. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  29. "Cannes Film Festival 2012 line-up announced". Time Out. Retrieved April 19, 2012.
  30. UntoldHorror. "Versions of The Fly that Didn't Fly". Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  31. "Paul Webster". Screen International. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  32. Taylor, Drew (December 14, 2012). "Exclusive: David Cronenberg Shares Details Of Canceled 'Eastern Promises 2' & 'The Fly' Remake". Penske Business Media, LLC. IndieWire. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  33. "David Cronenberg's 'Maps to the Stars' Finds Julianne Moore, John Cusack & EOne". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  34. "Julianne Moore, John Cusack & Sarah Gadon Join Robert Pattinson in David Cronenberg's 'Map to the Stars'". IndieWire. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
  35. "Cronenberg starts Maps shoot". Screen Daily. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
  36. "David Cronenberg Says His Novel May Arrive in 2013, Talks Working With Robert Pattinson, 'Map to the Stars' & More". IndieWire. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
  37. IFFR presents: The Nest by David Cronenberg. YouTube. June 26, 2014.
  38. Pevere, Geoff. "David Cronenberg's consuming obsession". Quill and Quire. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
  39. Nordine, Michael (May 12, 2016). "David Cronenberg: Why He's Considering Retiring From Filmmaking".
  40. "Carolyn Cronenberg, Film Editor and Wife of David Cronenberg, Dies at 66". The Hollywoord Reporter. July 5, 2017.
  41. Mottram, James (October 21, 2007). "David Cronenberg: 'I'm not ready to embrace Hollywood respectability quite yet". The Independent. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
  42. Cronenberg 1992, p. 84.
  43. After Image: The Incredible Catholic Imagination of Six Catholic American Filmmakers, Robert A. Blake, Loyola Press, 2000, p. 25
  44. Henry Barnes (September 12, 2013). "David Cronenberg: 'I never thought of myself as a prophet'". The Guardian. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  45. Guttsman, Janet (September 10, 2007). "Cronenberg gets down and dirty with Russian mob". Reuters. "I'm an atheist," Cronenberg said."
  46. "Interview". Esquire. February 1992. "I'm simply a nonbeliever and have been forever. ... I'm interested in saying, 'Let us discuss the existential question. We are all going to die, that is the end of all consciousness. There is no afterlife. There is no God. Now what do we do.' That's the point where it starts getting interesting to me."
  47. "'A History of Violence': David Cronenberg's Superb Study of the Basic Impulses that Drive Humanity • Cinephilia & Beyond". Cinephilia & Beyond. February 9, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  48. "Cronenberg on Cronenberg / April 29, 2013" – via YouTube.
  49. 10-minute dramatic short for the TIFF exhibition David Cronenberg: Evolution (Toronto 2013/14); Howell, Peter (October 31, 2013). "David Cronenberg at TIFF: Evolution, Mugwumps and Kubrick". The Star. Toronto. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  50. Cronenberg, David; Irwin, Mark (2004). Director David Cronenberg and Director of Photography Mark Irwin commentary on Videodrome [DVD; Audio Track 2]. Criterion Collection. (According to the DVD, the commentary was recorded in Toronto and Los Angeles in the winter and spring of 2004)
  51. Jeremy Adam Smith (April 19, 2004). "The Ten Best Science Fiction Film Directors". strangehorizons.com. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
  52. "The world's 40 best directors". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  53. "Greatest Directors Ever". Total Film. August 20, 2007. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
  54. Derry, Charles (1987), "More Dark Dreams: Some Notes on the Recent Horror Film", in Waller, Gregory (ed.), American Horrors: Essays on the Modern American Horror Film, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, pp. 173, ISBN 0-252-01448-0
  55. "Festival de Cannes: Crash". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  56. "David Cronenberg, film director, Cannes Film Festival winner". Canada's Walk of Fame. Archived from the original on August 26, 2006.
  57. "Berlinale: 1999 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
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  59. "Order of Canada Appointments". June 30, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
  60. Dupont, Joan (May 19, 2006). "Cronenberg: An intellectual with ominous powers". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
  61. "Cronenberg to receive France's Légion d'honneur". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 5, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
  62. "Diamond Jubilee Gala toasts exceptional Canadians". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 18, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
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  64. "New Appointees to the Order of Ontario". January 23, 2014.
  65. "A David Cronenberg il Leone d'oro alla Carriera". April 19, 2018.

Further reading
  • Dreibrodt, Thomas J. Dreibrodt (2000). Lang lebe das neue Fleisch. Die Filme von David Cronenberg – von 'Shivers' bis 'eXistenZ' (in German). ISBN 978-3-932872-05-1.
  • Handling, Piers (1983). The Shape of Rage: The Films of David Cronenberg. ISBN 978-0-7736-1137-5.
  • Humm, Maggie (1997). "Cronenberg's Films and Feminist Theories of Mothering". Feminism and Film. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21146-0.
  • Newman, Kim (1989). Nightmare Movies: A Critical History of the Horror Film 1968–1988. ISBN 978-0-517-57366-2.
  • Robnik, Drehli Robnik; Palm, Michael, eds. (1992). Und das Wort ist Fleisch geworden. Texte über Filme von David Cronenberg. Vienna: PVS. ISBN 978-3-901196-02-7.
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