SMS Panther
SMS Panther was one of six Iltis-class gunboats of the Kaiserliche Marine and, like its sister ships, served in Germany's overseas colonies. The ship was launched on 1 April 1901 in the Kaiserliche Werft, Danzig. It had a crew of 9 officers and 121 men.
.jpg.webp) SMS Panther | |
| History | |
|---|---|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} German Empire | |
| Name: | SMS Panther |
| Builder: | Kaiserliche Werft, Danzig |
| Laid down: | 1900 |
| Launched: | 1 April 1901 |
| Commissioned: | 15 March 1902 |
| Decommissioned: | 31 March 1931 |
| Fate: | Sold and scrapped 1931 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type: | Iltis-class gunboat |
| Displacement: | 1,193 t (1,174 long tons) |
| Length: | |
| Beam: | 9.7 m (31 ft 10 in) |
| Draft: | 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) |
| Installed power: |
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| Propulsion: | |
| Speed: | 13.5 knots (25.0 km/h; 15.5 mph) |
| Range: | 3,400 nmi (6,300 km; 3,900 mi) at 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) |
| Complement: | 130 |
| Armament: |
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Design
Panther was 66.9 meters (219 ft) long overall and had a beam of 9.7 m (32 ft) and a draft of 3.54 m (11.6 ft) forward. She displaced 1,193 metric tons (1,174 long tons; 1,315 short tons) at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of vertical triple-expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller, with steam supplied by four coal-fired Thornycroft boilers. Panther could steam at a top speed of 13.7 knots (25.4 km/h; 15.8 mph) at 1,344 metric horsepower (1,326 ihp). The ship had a cruising radius of about 3,400 nautical miles (6,300 km; 3,900 mi) at a speed of 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph).[1] She had a crew of 9 officers and 121 enlisted men.[2] Panther was armed with a main battery of two 10.5 cm (4.1 in) SK L/40 guns, with 482 rounds of ammunition. She also carried six machine guns.[1][3]
Service history
Panther was laid down at the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Shipyard) in Danzig in 1900. She was launched on 1 April 1901 and was commissioned into the German fleet on 15 March 1902.[4]
In September 1902, after the Haitian rebel ship Crête-à-Pierrot hijacked the German steamer Markomannia and seized weapons destined for the Haitian government, Germany sent Panther to Haiti.[5] Panther found the rebel ship. The rebel Admiral Killick evacuated his crew and blew up Crête-à-Pierrot, which was by then under fire from Panther.[5] There were concerns about how the United States would view the action in the context of the Monroe Doctrine. But despite legal advice describing the sinking as "illegal and excessive", the US State Department endorsed the action. The New York Times declared that "Germany was quite within its rights in doing a little housecleaning on her own account".[5]
Some months later, in December 1902, the Panther was in the German naval contingent during the Naval Blockade of Venezuela, during which she bombarded the settlement of Fort San Carlos, near Maracaibo.[6] The shallow waters that connected lake Maracaibo with the sea were passable for major ships only in the strait that separated San Carlos from the island of Zapara, yet even there it needed the help of a local pilot to avoid the sand banks and shallow waters of the passage. The battle started when the fort's gunners opened fire as Panther was crossing the bar. Panther returned fire, but the shallow waters limited its effectiveness. Inside the fort, two gunners (Manuel Quevedo and Carlos José Cárdenas) managed to score several hits on Panther with their 80-millimeter Krupp gun, causing considerable damage. After half an hour of exchanging fire, the Germans retreated.
In 1905, Panther was sent to the Brazilian Port of Itajahy, where its crew conducted an unauthorized search in their pursuit of a German deserter by the name of Hassman. They ended up kidnapping, inexplicably, the German Fritz Steinhoff. This incident became known as the "Panther Affair" ("Caso Panther").[7][8][9][10][11]
Agadir Crisis
Panther became notorious in 1911 when it was deployed to the Moroccan port of Agadir during the "Agadir Crisis" (also called the "Second Moroccan Crisis"). Panther was dispatched on the pretext of protecting (non-existent) German citizens in the port (a German sales representative, Hermann Wilberg, had been sent to Agadir on behalf of the Foreign office, but only arrived three days after Panther.) The ship's actual mission was to apply pressure on the French, as the latter attempted to colonize Morocco, to extract territorial compensation in French Equatorial Africa. This was an example of "gunboat diplomacy". The incident contributed to the international tensions that would lead to the First World War.
The ship was scrapped in 1931.
Notes
- Gröner, p. 142
- Gröner, p. 143
- Gardiner, p. 260
- Gröner, pp. 142–153
- Mitchell, Nancy (1999), The Danger of Dreams: German and American Imperialism in Latin America, University of North Carolina Press. pp77–78
- Mitchell (1999:101)
- Joffily, Jose (October 1988). O Caso Panther (in Portuguese). Editora Paz e Terra.
- Seyferth, Giralda (November 1994). O Incidente do Panther (Itajai, SC, 1905) (in Portuguese). 4. Rio de Janeiro: Comunicacoes do PPGAS.
- Guedes, Max Justo (2002). O Barao do Rio Branco e a Modernizacao da Defesa. Rio Branco – a America do Sul e a Modernizacao do Brasil (in Portuguese). Fundacao Alexandre de Gusmao. pp. 314–315. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 10, 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
- Fauchille, Paul (1906) [1894]. Revue Generale de Droit International Public (PDF). Droit de Gens – Histoire Diplomatique – Droit Penal – Droit Fiscal – Droit Administratif (in French). 13. Paris: A. PEDONE, Libraire-Editeur. pp. 200–206. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
- Millarch, Aramis (October 1988). "A noite em que a Alemanha invadiu o porto de Itajai" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 March 2008.
References
- Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships: 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
- Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-790-9.
- Simpson, Lloyd P. (1966). "The German-Haitian Naval Clash of 1902". Warship International. Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Research Organization. III (23): 216. ISSN 0043-0374.
- Mitchell, Nancy (1999). The danger of dreams: German and American imperialism in Latin America. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4775-5.