Sadiyah

Sadiyah (Arabic: السعدية, romanized: Al-Sadiyah;[2] Kurdish: Sedîye ,سەعدیە[3][4]) is a town in Diyala Governorate, Iraq. It is located near the Diyala River 8 km south of Jalawla.[5] The town is populated by Arabs, Kurds and Turkmens. It is disputed[6] and experienced significant Arabization during the Saddam era.[7]

Sadiyah
Town
Sadiyah
Coordinates: 34°11′26.0″N 45°07′14.8″E
Country Iraq
GovernorateDiyala
DistrictKhanaqin District
Population
 (2013)[1]
  Total47,213

Sadiyah is controlled by Badr Organization.[8]

History

Sadiyah has been the center town of Sadiyah Sub-District since the Ottoman era.[9] Sadiyah was used as winter pasture by the Kurdish Kalhor and Sanjâbi tribes who would pay pasturage dues to the Ottomans.[10] As part of the revolt of 1920, Sadiyah fell on 14 August 1920 largely due to the work of the Kurdish Dilo tribe.[11]

Kurds constituted 50% of the town in the 1947 census[12] and 40.5% in 1957.[9] Arabs constituted 47.1% of the population in 1957, while Iraqi Turkmens were 12.4%.[9] In the 1965 census, Arabs were the majority with 58.4% while Kurds constituted 24.7% and Turkmens were 9.6%.[13] In the 1977 census, the Arab population increased to 90.2%, while Kurds and Turkmens were 5.1% and 4% respectively.[14] In 1987, Arabs were 87.8% of the population, Kurds were 16.8% and Turkmens were 5.4%,[15] while the numbers were 83.1%, 9.9% and 7% for Arabs, Kurds and Turkmens, respectively in 1997.[16] More recent estimates state that Kurds constituted 38% in 2003 and 12% in 2012.[17]

After the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Kurdistan Region pressured Arab settlers in Khanaqin to settle in Sadiyah which increased the Arab population further.[7] Peshmerga was deployed to the town in 2011 after request from the federal government in Baghdad to counter the attacks on the local Kurds.[18] The dire security after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, forced more Kurds to leave the town.[19][7]

ISIS and aftermath

In the early hours of 13 June, ISIS seized Sadiyah, after Iraqi security forces had abandoned their posts. Several villages around the Hamrin Mountains were also captured.[20][21] Sadiyah was captured by the Popular Mobilization Forces in November 2014.[22] As of 2018, 80% of the Kurdish population have not returned to the town.[23]

See also

References

  1. "Where are Iraq's Poor: Mapping Poverty in Iraq" (PDF). p. 77. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  2. "عودة ٨٠٠ عائله نازحة الى منازلهم في ناحية السعدية بمحافظة ديالى". Rûdaw (in Arabic). 3 December 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  3. "Cejna berxwedana Kobanê pîroz be". Yeni Özgür Politika (in Kurdish). 29 July 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  4. "سەعدیە.. داعش هێرشی کردە سەر لیوایەکی حەشدی شەعبی" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  5. "Jalula's Map". Map Landia. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  6. Kane, Sean. "An Iraqi flashpoint loses its American safety net". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  7. "Reviving UN Mediation on Iraq's Disputed Internal Boundaries". International Crisis Group. 14 December 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  8. Skelton, Mac; Saleem, Zmkan Ali (2019). "Iraq's disputed internal boundaries after ISIS: heterogeneous actors vying for influence" (PDF). Middle East Centre: 14–5.
  9. Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, p. 44
  10. Ateş, Sabri (2013). Ottoman-Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9781107245082.
  11. Ireland, Philip Willard (1937). Iraq - A study in political development.
  12. C. J. Edmonds (1957). Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press. p. 438. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  13. Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, p. 46
  14. Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, p. 47
  15. Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, p. 48
  16. Ihsan, Mohammad, Administrative Changes in Kirkuk and Disputed Areas in Iraq 1968-2003, p. 49
  17. "Iraqi Kurdistan: Paying A Heavy Price Over Identity". UNPO. 9 July 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  18. "Kurdish troops on patrol in Iraq's restive Diyala". Reuters. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  19. "Iraq: The impending withdrawal of US troops revives Kurdo-Arab tensions". Kurdish Institute of Paris. August 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  20. Insurgents take two more Iraqi towns, Obama threatens air strikes Archived 13 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  21. "Iraq conflict: ISIS militants seize new towns". BBC. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  22. "Shiite militias staying in 'disputed territories' could cause problems: officials". Rûdaw. 15 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  23. "Northern Iraq". Ministry of Immigration and Integration of Denmark. p. 72. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
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