San Pedro, Los Angeles

San Pedro (English pronunciation: /sænˈpiːdroʊ/, san-PEE-droh)[2][3] is a community within the city of Los Angeles, California. Formerly a separate city, it consolidated with Los Angeles in 1909. The Port of Los Angeles, a major international seaport, is partially located within San Pedro. The district has grown from being dominated by the fishing industry, to a working-class community within the city of Los Angeles, to a rapidly gentrifying community.

San Pedro
Neighborhood of Los Angeles
Boundaries of San Pedro as drawn by the Los Angeles Times
Coordinates: 33.74°N 118.29°W / 33.74; -118.29
Elevation34 m (112 ft)
Population
 • Total86,000
Time zoneUTC−8 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
Area code(s)310/424
GNIS feature ID1661392

Geography
In this nighttime aerial photograph of Los Angeles, San Pedro is in the center and right foreground, including part of the brightly lit Terminal Island. The dark peninsula to the left of San Pedro is Palos Verdes.

San Pedro is located at 33°44′N 118°18′W (33.74, −118.29).[4] The neighborhood fronts on the Pacific Ocean to the south and is bounded inland by Harbor City and Torrance on the north, Wilmington and Long Beach on the east and Rancho Palos Verdes and Lomita on the west.[5][6][7]

History

The peninsula, including all of San Pedro, was the homeland of the Tongva-Gabrieleño Native American people for thousands of years. In other areas of the Los Angeles Basin archeological sites date back 8,000–15,000 years. The Tongva believe they have been here since the beginning of time. Once called the "lords of the ocean", due to their mastery of oceangoing canoes (Ti'ats), many Tongva villages covered the coastline. Their first contact with Europeans was in 1542 with Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, the Spanish explorer who also was the first to write of them. Chowigna and Suangna were two Tongva settlements of many in the peninsula area, which was also a departure point for their rancherias on the Channel Islands. Legend has it that the Native Americans blessed the land of Palos Verdes, making it the most beautiful place on Earth. The Tongva called the San Pedro area "Chaaw".[8]

San Pedro Bay was used by Spanish ships starting in the 1540s.

Origin of name

San Pedro was named for St. Peter of Alexandria, a fourth-century bishop in Alexandria, Egypt. His feast day is November 24 on the local ecclesiastical calendar of Spain, the day on which Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo discovered the bay in 1542 which would be known as San Pedro. Santa Catalina Island, named after Catherine of Alexandria, was claimed for the Spanish Empire the next day, on her feast day, November 25. In 1602–1603, Sebastián Vizcaíno (1548–1624) officially surveyed and mapped the California coastline, including San Pedro Bay, for New Spain. The anglicized pronunciation is "san-PEE-dro".[9]

Settlement
Don Manuel Domínguez, a Californio politician, signer of the Californian Constitution and owner of Rancho San Pedro helped found the settlement at San Pedro, then a small fishing village.
1859 survey map of Rancho San Pedro

European settlement began in 1769 as part of an effort to populate California, although trade restrictions encouraged more smuggling than regular business. In 1784, the Spanish Crown deeded Rancho San Pedro, a tract of over 75,000 acres (300 km2), to retired soldier Juan José Domínguez, who helped explore California with the Portolá expedition in 1769–1770. Rancho San Pedro was the first land grant in the Alta California portion of the Province of Las Californias in New Spain.

When New Spain won its independence from the Spanish Empire and Alta California became part of Mexico, the trade restrictions were lifted, and the town flourished.

Under United States control after 1848, when the United States defeated Mexico in the Mexican-American war, the harbor was greatly improved and expanded under the guidance of Phineas Banning and John Gately Downey, the seventh governor of California after the Free Harbor Fight. In 1868 Banning created the Los Angeles & San Pedro Railroad, Southern California's first railroad and used it to transport goods from San Pedro Bay to Los Angeles, which soon became a major city in Southern California.[10]

San Pedro was a township in the 1860 census. The township consisted of the present-day South Bay communities, Compton and western Long Beach.[11] Census records report a population of 359 in 1860. The township was renamed Wilmington Township for 1870.[12]

In 1906, the city of Los Angeles annexed the Harbor Gateway, a long, narrow strip of land connecting the city to the northern border of Wilmington, and in 1909, the larger city consolidated with Wilmington and with San Pedro.[13]

In 1929, the city experienced the Sunken City Disaster, where an earthquake caused multiple homes to slide off a cliff into the sea.[14]

United States Navy Battle Fleet home port 1919–1940

In 1888, the War Department took control of a tract of land next to the bay and added to it in 1897 and 1910. This became Fort MacArthur in 1914 and was a coastal defense site for many years. Woodrow Wilson transferred 200 United States Navy ships from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1919 when tension arose between the United States and Japan over the fate of China. San Diego Bay was considered too shallow for the largest ships, so the battleships anchored in San Pedro Bay on August 9, 1919. Local availability of fuel oil minimized transportation costs, and consistently good weather allowed frequent gunnery exercises off the nearby Channel Islands of California. The heavy cruisers of the Scouting Force were transferred from the Atlantic to San Pedro in response to the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria. By 1934, 14 battleships, two aircraft carriers, 14 cruisers, and 16 support ships were based at San Pedro. On April 1, 1940, the Pacific Fleet battleships sailed to Hawaii for annual fleet exercises. The battleships remained in the Hawaiian Islands to deter Japanese aggression until the attack on Pearl Harbor. The fleet post office, supply depot, fuel depot, degaussing range, ECM repair facility, and naval training schools for small craft, fire fighters, merchant ship communications, and anti-submarine attack remained at San Pedro through World War II;[15] but the battle fleet never returned.[16]

San Pedro was selected as the final home port of the battleship USS Iowa (BB-61). The Iowa now serves as a museum ship and memorial recognizing "the positive contributions of this battleship and its crew at critical moments in American history".[17]

Fort MacArthur now a sub base of Los Angeles Air Force Base currently serves as privatized housing and administrative annex under the management of Tierra Vista Communities.

Port of Los Angeles
The Sea Princess in Port of Los Angeles
Main article: Port of Los Angeles

San Pedro, Wilmington, and Terminal Island are the locations of the Port of Los Angeles.

Locations of interest

One San Pedro landmark is the Vincent Thomas Bridge, a 1,500-foot (457 m)-long suspension bridge linking San Pedro with Terminal Island and named after California Assemblyman Vincent Thomas. (It is the fourth longest suspension bridge in California.) Nearby is the Battleship Iowa museum and attraction, the Los Angeles Maritime Museum (the largest maritime museum in California), and the museum ship SS Lane Victory (a fully operational victory ship of World War II and National Historic Landmark). Ports O' Call Village, a tourist destination, which provided shopping venues, waterfront eateries, was demolished in 2019 to make way for West Harbor, a major waterfront food hall and park under development, slated to open in 2021.[2][18] A historic naval warehouse built in 1944 houses Crafted at the Port of Los Angeles, a permanent craft marketplace.

The Frank Gehry–designed Cabrillo Marine Aquarium had its origins in the old Cabrillo Beach Marine Museum which was located in the historic Bath House at Cabrillo Beach. The Point Fermin Lighthouse, a Victorian-era structure built in the late 19th century, is a museum and park on a bluff overlooking the ocean. The Korean Bell of Friendship is a massive bronze memorial bell donated by South Korea in 1976 to the people of Los Angeles. The church of Mary Star of the Sea is a prominent landmark with a steeple-top statue overlooking the harbor.

On July 19, 2003, the San Pedro Waterfront Red Car Line was opened, along the waterfront between downtown San Pedro and the Cruise Ship Terminal. The line includes two trolleys built to resemble the wood-bodied 500 class cars introduced in 1905 for the Pacific Electric Railway, which once operated more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of track running streetcars and interurbans in Southern California. The 1.5-mile (2.4 km) line operates along former Pacific Electric right-of-way. The line, rebuilt and maintained by the Port of Los Angeles, also has one original restored Pacific Electric interurban, which is used only for special charter excursions and special events. The original car is in fact Pacific Electric 963 (former Los Angeles Pacific 713 as built in 1907) rebuilt by Richard Fellows and renumbered 1058. Discussions have been held to extend the line to the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium.[19]

On 28th Street, between Gaffey Street and Peck Avenue, is a steep section of public roadway. For about 50 feet (15 m), the street climbs at a 33.3% angle, although the rest of the street is less steep.[20]

Demographics

Population history
A cyclist on Beacon Street around the time of annexation by Los Angeles in 1909

Ethnically diverse San Pedro was a magnet for European immigrants from various countries for years, reflected in the number of restaurants representing diverse cuisines, especially Croatian, Portuguese, Mexican, Italian, Irish and Greek. San Pedro is home to the largest Italian-American community in Southern California, centered on the "Via Italia" (South Cabrillo Avenue). Estimates state that the community numbers about 45,000 Italian-Americans. San Pedro is also considered the heart of the Croatian and Norwegian communities in Los Angeles. The Croatian community, originally composed of seafarers and fishermen from the Dalmatia (especially the islands of Brač, Hvar, Vis and Korčula) region, has been present in San Pedro since the settlement began more than 200 years ago. The City of Los Angeles even named a stretch of 9th Street "Croatian Place" in honor of the city's old Croatian community. The Norwegian presence can be felt at the Norwegian Seamen's Church.

Until February 1942, San Pedro was home to a vibrant Japanese immigrant community of about 3,000 people who lived in what had been described as a "typical Japanese Fishing Village" on Terminal Island (East San Pedro). These Japanese immigrants pioneered albacore fishing out of San Pedro Bay and harvesting abalone off of White Point,[21] thus leading the way in establishing a viable fishing industry in San Pedro. The 48-hour forced expulsion of these San Pedro residents and the razing of their homes and shops, as part of the Japanese-American internment during World War II, is described in Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston's memoir Farewell to Manzanar.

2000 census

A total of 80,065 people lived in San Pedro's 12.06 square miles, according to the 2000 U.S. census—averaging 6,640 people per square mile, near Los Angeles' total population density rate. The median age was 34 in the San Pedro neighborhood, considered average for Los Angeles.[22]

San Pedro is considered highly diverse ethnically, with a diversity index of 63.0.[23] In 2000 whites made up 44.2% of the population, Latinos were at 40.8%, blacks at 6.1%, Asians at 4.8% and others at 4.1%. Mexico and Italy were the most common places of birth for the 24.5% of the residents who were born abroad, considered a low percentage of foreign-born when compared with the city as a whole.[22]

The $57,508 median household income in 2008 dollars was average for the city and county. Renters occupied 56.1% of the housing units, and homeowners occupied the rest. In 2000 there were 3,394 families headed by single parents, or 17.5%, a rate that was average for the county and the city. In the same year there were 6,559 military veterans, or 11% of the population, considered high when compared to the city and county as a whole.[22]

Government and infrastructure

The United States Postal Service operates the San Pedro Post Office at 839 South Beacon Street and the Eastview Post Office at 28649 South Western Avenue.[24][25] The USPS also operates the Seafarers Post Office at Suite A at 93 Berth in close proximity to the San Pedro Post Office.[26]

The Federal Bureau of Prisons operates the Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island on Terminal Island and in San Pedro.[27]

Education

Just 23.8% of San Pedro residents aged 25 or older had completed a four-year degree in 2000, about average when compared with the city and the county at large, and the percentage of those residents with more than a high school diploma was high for the county.[22]

Primary and secondary schools

San Pedro is served by the Los Angeles Unified School District. The area is within Board District 7.[28] As of 2012, Dr. Richard Vladovic represents the district.[29]

San Pedro High School, Mary Star of the Sea High School, and the Port of Los Angeles High School are the primary high schools within the region. San Pedro High School is home to the protected landmarks in the form of The English Language Arts and Administration Buildings (c. 1939, 1936, resp.). The school recently celebrated its 100-year anniversary in 2003. It is home to both the Marine Science and Police Academy Magnet programs. Port of Los Angeles High School is a public charter high school, fusing a college preparatory program with elective coursework in International Business and Maritime Studies. Such studies reinforce the significant impact of California's ports on the global economy and international trade.

As of 2012, test scores tended to be higher in the area's elementary schools than in its middle and high schools.[30]

Under certain specific circumstances, residents of San Pedro may be admitted into schools in the Palos Verdes Peninsula Unified School District located in the neighboring Palos Verdes Peninsula;[31] specifically they may attend Miraleste Intermediate School and Palos Verdes High School. This admittance is only granted if a student's parent or guardian is enlisted in the US military, has a parent or guardian employed within the Palos Verdes Peninsula, has a grandparent residing within the Palos Verdes Peninsula, or if the student simply lives in a closer vicinity to a PVPUSD school than any other LAUSD schools.

Primary schools (Grades 1–5)
  • 15th Street Elementary[32][33]
  • Bandini Elementary[34]
  • Barton Hill Elementary[35][36]
  • Cabrillo Early Education Center[37]
  • Cabrillo Elementary[38]
  • Leland Elementary[39]
  • Park Western Harbor Magnet[40]
  • Point Fermin Marine Science Magnet[41]
  • San Pedro/Wilmington Early Education Center[42]
  • South Shores Magnet for the Visual and Performing Arts Elementary School
  • Taper Elementary[43][44]
  • Taper Avenue Elementary Technology Magnet Center[45]
  • White Point Elementary[46]
  • Crestwood Elementary
  • 7th Street Elementary
Secondary schools (Grades 6–12)
Continuation schools
  • Angel's Gate Continuation High[51]
  • Cooper Community Day School[52]
  • Harbor Community Adult School[53]
  • Harbor Occupational Center[54]
Private schools

Private schools in San Pedro include:

Grades Preschool–8
Grades 1–8
Grades Preschool–8
  • Christ Lutheran Church and School [57]
Grades 6–12
  • Rolling Hills Estates Preparatory School—the current location opened on February 6, 2007.[58]
Grades 9–12

Libraries

Los Angeles Public Library operates the San Pedro Regional Branch Library at 931 South Gaffey. This library was opened in 1983 in the presence of the late Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley.[60]

Events

Honor

San Pedro was declared 2017 Neighborhood of the year by Curbed Los Angeles.[61]

See also

References
  1. "San Pedro". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  2. "Pronouncing Los Angeles". www.laalmanac.com.
  3. "KNX On Your Corner: 'San Pee-dro' Vs. 'San Pay-dro'". July 19, 2013.
  4. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
  5. Los Angeles Times "Harbor", Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
  6. Los Angeles Times "South Bay", Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
  7. The Thomas Guide, 2006, pages 823 and 824
  8. Munro, Pamela, et al. Yaara' Shiraaw'ax 'Eyooshiraaw'a. Now You're Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño. Lulu.com: 2008.
  9. Lauren Lloyd (May 7, 2013). "Why Spanish Pronunciations Of L.A. Neighborhoods Are Making A Comeback". laist. Gothamist LLC. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
  10. Nathan Masters (January 17, 2013). "Lost Train Depots of Los Angeles". Socal Focus. KCET.
  11. Paul R. Spitzzeri (Fall 2007). "What a Difference a Decade Makes: Ethnic and Racial Demographic Change in Los Angeles County during the 1860s" (PDF). Branding Iron.
  12. U.S. Census Bureau. "Population of the United States in 1860: California" (PDF).
  13. Stolberg, Sheryl (February 26, 1988). "No Longer the City It Once Was, San Pedro to Mark 100th Birthday". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
  14. "San Pedro's Sunken City : Portraits of LA : 2014". portraitsofla.ascjweb.com. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
  15. "U.S. Naval Activities World War II by State". Patrick Clancey. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  16. Beigel, Harvey M. "The Battle Fleet's Home Port: 1919–1940". United States Naval Institute Proceedings Supplement March 1985, pp.54–63.
  17. "Home Page - Los Angeles Museum - Battleship USS Iowa". Los Angeles Museum - Battleship USS Iowa.
  18. Barragan, Bianca (March 21, 2018). "New renderings revealed for revamped San Pedro Public Market". Curbed LA. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
  19. "Port of LA Waterfront Red Car Line". October 30, 2018. Archived from the original on February 26, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2005.
  20. Bob Pool (August 21, 2003). "Getting the Slant on L.A.'s Steepest Street". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  21. NPS.gov Archived January 17, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  22. "San Pedro", Mapping L.A. Los Angeles Times
  23. "Diversity", Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
  24. "SAN PEDRO Post Office™ Location". United States Postal Service. USPS. 2012. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  25. "EASTVIEW Post Office™ Location". United States Postal Service. USPS. 2012. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  26. "SEAFARERS Post Office™ Location". United States Postal Service/ White Pages. USPS. 2012. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  27. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (2012). "Contact The Bureau of Prisons". The Federal Bureau of Prisons. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  28. Master Planning and Demographic Branch – Facilities Services Division (January 2008). "Schools and Offices" (Map (PDF)). Los Angeles Unified School District – All Youth Achieving. LAUSD. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  29. Los Angeles Unified School District BOARD OF EDUCATION (2012). "Events". Los Angeles Unified School District BOARD OF EDUCATION. Los Angeles Unified School District BOARD OF EDUCATION. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  30. Mary Forgione (October 13, 2002). "San Pedro: Blue-collar soul with ocean views". Los Angeles Times – Real Estate. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  31. David Rosenfield (2019). "Wealthy Los Angeles school district to admit grandchildren of residents". The Mercury Times. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  32. 15th Street Elementary School (2012). "15th Street Elementary School". Los Angeles Unified School District. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
  33. "Los Angeles Unified School District". Notebook.lausd.net. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
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  36. "Los Angeles Unified School District". Lausd.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
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  43. "Los Angeles Unified School District". Notebook.lausd.net. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  44. "Taper Avenue Elementary". Lausd.k12.ca.us. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  45. "Taper Technology Magnet". Lausd.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
  46. "Los Angeles Unified School District". Notebook.lausd.net. Retrieved March 19, 2011.
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  55. Holytrinitysp.org Archived January 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  56. "Mary Star of the Sea Elementary School". Marystarelementary.com. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
  57. "Christ Lutheran Church and School". www.christrpv.com.
  58. "RHP History Archived March 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". Rolling Hills Preparatory School. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
  59. "Mary Star of the Sea High School". Marystarhigh.com. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  60. "San Pedro Regional Branch Library". Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
  61. "The Curbed Cup 2017 winner is... San Pedro!". January 2, 2018.
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