Save China's Tigers

Stud tiger 327 with his potential mate, Cathay

The organization's vision is to raise awareness of the plight of the Chinese tiger and to strive for its protection and preservation through public education, introduction and experimentation with advanced conservation models in China and abroad, and raising funds to support these initiatives. Another aim is to act as a liaison for all those organizations concerned with the conservation of China's wildlife, sustainable development, biodiversity and habitat. The purpose of Save China's Tigers is to reverse the fate of the South China tiger from the brink of extinction by taking them out of zoos, breeding them, letting them regain their hunting abilities, and reintroducing them back to China's wild.[1] The organization's stated goal is to save the South China tiger using this new method of rehabilitation and reintroduction. No captive-born large predators have ever been successfully reintroduced into the wild before.[2] It is an experiment to attempt to save a large carnivore by re-introducing them into the wild. To achieve this goal, Save China's Tigers is using a combination of in-situ and ex-situ conservation. The organization is aiming to set a precedent for international wildlife conservation and for zoos throughout the world.[3]

Founder of Save China's Tigers, Li Quan

"Save China's Tigers" was founded in 2000 by Li Quan, former fashion executive at Gucci, Benetton and Fila in Italy. When Li Quan realized the dire state of the South China tigers in the wild and saw the poor conditions in which captive South China tigers were living in China several years ago, she devoted herself to saving the tigers.[4] She established the charitable foundation Save China's Tigers in the UK in 2000, and subsequently in the United States (2002) and Hong Kong (2003). She engineered the Chinese Tiger Conservation Model after observing and analysing how wildlife conservation and eco-tourism have succeeded in Africa. In 2001, Li Quan proposed to China to use South African expertise to help China's Chinese Tiger Rehabilitation & Reintroduction project, which the Chinese started in the 1990s, and invited a South African Team to visit China.[5]

To commemorate the 10th anniversary of their establishment, Save China's Tigers released a photo documentary book known as "Rewilded".[6]

The Laohu Valley Reserve (LVR) is a roughly 350 square kilometer private reserve near Philippolis in the Free State.[13] It has been created with the aims of rewilding captive-born South China tigers and for South African biodiversity conservation in general. LVR was created in 2002 out of 17 defunct sheep farms,[14][15][16] and efforts to return the overgrazed land to natural status are ongoing. The South China tigers at LVR for rewilding are kept confined to a tiger-proof camp complex of roughly 1.8 square kilometers, with other areas of the reserve being used to protect native South African species. The word "laohu" is a Chinese term for tiger.[17]

Li Quan persuaded the Chinese government to allow her to bring several captive South China tigers to Africa, where they can start their rewilding training. To date, five South China tigers have left the zoos of China and been sent to South Africa for re-wilding training. These tigers include:

1. Hope, born on 17 February 2003, got his name from readers of the Sunday People, a British newspaper. He died on 20 August 2005 in South Africa. His necropsy report suggested that the primary cause of death was pneumonia and heart failure. Conclusion was that the tiger was suffering from immunosuppression, supported by the presence of opportunistic bacteria that are normally only found replicating in animals that are immune compromised.[18]
2. Cathay, The female tiger born on 21 January 2003, is named Cathay in acknowledgement of Cathay Pacific Airways that sponsored the transportation of the Chinese tigers till 2008. She is the mother of Hulooo, JenB and Coco with Tigerwoods, and Huwaa, Tang Yi and Shang Yi with 327.
   

   Cathay, South China tigress
3. Tigerwoods, male tiger, born on 9 March 2004. He is the father of three cubs with Cathay, and five cubs with Madonna.
4. Madonna, tigress, born on 20 April 2004. She gave birth to two cubs in April 2008 but the first was a stillborn, and the second died of heart failure a week after its birth. She gave birth to her second litter King Henry and Princess, on 18 August 2008 with Tigerwoods. On 12 October 2011, Madonna gave birth to three female cubs Vita, Yoya and Zeta, sired by 327. In April 2014 Madonna gave birth to three cubs, one male and two female, sired by Tigerwoods. [19]
5. Stud Tiger 327, this stud male - registered as No. 327 in the Studbook Registry of the Zoological Association of China, does not yet have a name. His main role was to replace Hope, as a mate for Cathay. He sired three cubs with Cathay, and three cubs with Madonna[20] He is chosen for the project because he is a healthy-looking stud tiger, one of the finer tigers in Suzhou reserve.[21][22] On 17 September 2011, 327 broke through an electrified fence which separates him from Tigerwoods. SCT staffs managed the separate the two animals within five minutes of skirmish, but 327 was already fatally wounded. Veterinarian has confirmed its death to be due to throat injuries.[23]

The breeding program has successfully produced several tiger cubs, including:

1. Huloo, a male offspring of Tigerwoods and Cathay was born on 23 November 2007, was the first cub to be born through the project. He was separated from his mother at birth because of fears that he would die of exposure, and was hand reared at Lory Park Zoo until he was old enough to return to Laohu Valley.
2. JenB, born on 30 March 2008, is a male offspring of Tigerwoods and Cathay, was named after the late Jenifer Bone, of Sydney, Australia, to commemorate her donations to Save China's Tigers.[24]
3. Coco, brother and littermate of JenB, was named using a naming contest sponsored by the Asian Tigers Group.[25]
4. King Henry, born on 18 August 2008, the offspring of Tigerwoods and Madonna.[26] King Henry was named in Honour of King Henry VIII Preparatory School's Fundraising efforts for Save China's Tigers.[27]
5. Princess, sister and littermate of King Henry, is the first female born through the Save China's Tigers program. Her survival will be vital for the breeding of future generations of rewilded South China tigers in South Africa. Princess became a mother on 29/08/2013 to a female cub. The father is Huloo. [26]
6. Huwaa, a female cub born to Cathay and 327, was born on 31 January 2011.[22]
7. Tang Yi, a male cub born to Cathay and 327 on 20 July 2011. Littermate of Shang Yi.
8. Shang Yi, a male cub born to Cathay and 327 on 20 July 2011. Littermate of Tang Yi.
9. Vita, a female cub born to Madonna and 327 on 12 2011. Littermate of Yoya and Zeta.
10. Yoya, a female cub born to Madonna and 327 on 12 2011. Littermate of Vita and Zeta.
11. Zeta, a female cub born to Madonna and 327 on 12 2011. Littermate of Vita and Yoya

On August 29th 2013, The Save China's Tigers Project welcomed its first third generation female cub, born to Princess and Huloo.

In April 2014 Madonna gave birth to three cubs, two females and one male. The father of the cubs is Tigerwoods.[28]

Recently in November 20th 2015, two new South China tiger cubs have been born at Laohu Valley. The mother is Cathay and the father is King Henry. With the birth of these cubs, 20 South China tigers in total are in the care of Save China's Tigers within the Laohu Valley Reserve – more than 20% of the world population of the world's most critically endangered tiger.[29] However, a year later in February 2016, one of two South China tiger cubs recently born in late 2015 died, leaving 19 South China tigers in the reserve.[30] At some point in that year, the South China tigers made a quick recovery with the birth of 6 healthy cubs at Laohu Valley Reserve, most of which are confirmed to be males. Three cubs were born to Madonna; Hunter, Ivan, and Jay. Two cubs to Cathay: Felix and Gilbert. And one cub to Princess known as K, however the cub's gender has yet to be determined.[31]

Stud Tiger 327 with blesbuck carcass

A large difficulty faced by the project is the limited gene pool for South China tigers – all of the South China tigers in Chinese zoos are descended from only 6 individuals caught in the 1950s.[32] Since these tigers in captivity have been reproducing with close relatives, the quality of their genes is deteriorating. The project plans to improve living conditions and breed them scientifically – to this end a breeding centre, the David Tang Tiger Breeding Center, has been constructed at the Laohu Valley Reserve.

Mainstream conservationists, however, are not impressed. The WWF says that the money is being spent in the wrong place and that the Amur tiger has a better chance of survival.[33]

The biggest obstacles are from man-made resistance, some organizations in China or from abroad kept raising objections and condemn the strategy used to save the tigers, telling the organization to give up. To SCT, these obstacles make the tiger salvation program even tougher.

Proponents of the Chinese Tiger Project argue that the South China tiger is not only the most ancient tiger species in the world from which all other tiger subspecies are derived, it has been a cultural symbol of China for eight thousand years, so that saving it from the brink of extinction would have a great cultural impact.

Since 2001, Save China's Tigers South African team has been working with the Chinese State Forestry Administration to identify locations for the reintroduction of the rewilded South China tigers. Nine sites from four provinces were surveyed using 36 ecological parameters. Two candidate sites were selected in Jiangxi and Hunan province in early 2005, both of which were approved by the State Forestry Administration by the end of 2005. Due to the progress of Save China's Tigers rewilding project, the Chinese authorities also decided to look for sites within the nature reserves where there would be fewer human population relocation issues. In early 2010, a government scientific team identified an interim test site and three final sites, which are now awaiting approval from the relevant central government department. Save China's Tigers' scientific team is assisting Chinese authorities with fencing technology, re-stocking prey, and building tiger and wildlife management expertise.

Save China's Tigers, a charitable foundation funding pioneering work with the South China tiger, has broadened its scope of conservation goals from tigers to include all wild cats around the world. On 7 August 2009, it launched the "Wildcat Fund" to encourage and support wild cat research, conservation, and reintroduction efforts for highly endangered and vulnerable wild cats. Historically, funding in wild cat conservation has favoured the large, charismatic species. While giving priorities to cat species having the IUCN endangered status or above, the Wildcat Fund encourages projects conducting pioneering biological and ecological research of little known cat species in an effort to increase understanding of these species and help design improved conservation techniques.[34]

• List of non-governmental organizations in the People's Republic of China
• Project Tiger, a similar tiger conservation program in India

• Save China's Tiger homepage, information regarding the rewilding project
• A video of the rare South China tiger hunting, the tigress in this video is Cathay from the Save China's Tiger re-wilding project
• A video of a South China tiger named Hope tackling a blesbuck
• Keystone Progress of the Save China's tiger project
• Weekly Tiger Diaries, updated information of the South China tigers posted every week