Seismic risk in Malta

The Sicilian Chronicle of the 16th century reports that the earthquake of 10 December 1542 was strongly felt in Malta where some houses were knocked down.

German copper engraving dating from 1696 on the Sicilian earthquake

The earthquake of 11 January 1693 in Val di Noto is the most significant earthquake felt in Malta since the 16th century. In Sicily, it caused the death of around 60,000 individuals. With a magnitude of 7.4, it is considered to be the most powerful earthquakes in Italian history.[2] The earthquake was preceded on 9 January by a precursory earthquake of a magnitude of around 5.9 which was strongly felt but did not cause damage.

In Malta, the earthquake provoked panic among the population, with many Maltese refusing to go back to their homes in the nights that followed, seeking refuge in tents or underground shelters. No victims were reported. The Order delegated its head engineer, Mederico Blondel to assess the damage. At Valletta, no building escaped unharmed by the earthquake, from simple cracks to complete demolition. The other towns of the Grand Harbour were considerably less affected. However, the old city of Mdina suffered more greatly as many of the buildings were older and were poorly maintained. Notably St. Paul's Cathedral was part destroyed – but the cathedral was already badly damaged before the earthquake, and so a reconstruction had already been planned. The Banca Giuratale in Mdina was equally damaged, and would be rebuilt in 1726 by Charles François de Mondion. At Rabat, the bell tower and the apse of the church of St. Paul came down. The Tal-Virtù Church suffered considerable damage, it was situated at a high altitude which was particularly susceptible to earthquakes.[3]

St. Paul's Cathedral, Mdina, rebuilt after the 1693 earthquake, damaged by the 1743 earthquake

At Gozo, the walls of the Cittadella were damaged, but Blondel notes that the damage were more likely caused by years of neglect. The Cathedral of the Assumption, Gozo lost its bell tower.[1]

The considerable damage material in Malta has been attributed to the maximum earthquake intensity of 7–8.

Local historian Gian Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis recounts 20 February 1743 earthquake in his magnum opus Il Gozo Antico-Moderno e Sacro-Profano, a two-volume manuscript dealing with the history of Gozo completed in 1746:[4]

...At 5 pm, a violent earthquake shook the Maltese isles. It lasted for seven minutes. It left great damage on the two isles. At Gozo, the church of Saint George, Saint James and the chapel of Notre-Dame at Qala were greatly damaged. In Malta, the church of St John at Valletta, the cathedral of Mdina and many other churches were also effected. At Wardija, near Qala, people are said to have seen the earth rise and fall with such force that the soil seemed to remain floating in the air, creating a dust cloud that remained for a long time. Many of the hills in Gozo crumbled.

A document in the archives of the cathedral of Mdina described how the coppolino (the little dome) of the cathedral fell into the church, the back end of the choir was destroyed and the bell tower heavily damaged. The cathedral was so cracked in all areas that:

...Even the sound of the bell didn't dare to enter for fear of seeing the building fall.

An account by six architects described three large cracks of around 3 cm in width on each side of the cupola, revealing most of the stones in the cupola and the terrible damage to the walls of the choir.[1]

Għajn Ħadid Tower, which collapsed in the 1856 earthquake

The epicentre situated near Crete was very seriously hit by the particularly violent earthquake of 12 October 1856. Certain seismic registers attribute it with a magnitude of 8.2. It claimed numerous victims in Crete. Despite being at a distance of more than 1000 km from the epicentre, the earthquake was violently felt in Malta, as the newspapers of the era testify. People were woken in the middle of the night by a deafening growl and a movement of the earth that lasted between 22 and 60 seconds. Nearly all the houses in Valletta were damaged, as were houses in Gozo, notably on the upper floors. Numerous churches were affected, and in particular the cathedral of Mdina. The belltower of the church of the Carmelites at Mdina was so cracked that it needed to be rebuilt. The chapel on the islet of Filfla was destroyed.[1] The 17th-century Għajn Ħadid Tower collapsed in this earthquake and has remained in ruins ever since.[5]

This was probably the earthquake on the same day that struck the SW Peloponnese. Once again, the local papers reported a general panic in the population that rushed outside dwellings, awoken by the earthquake on 27 August 1886. Some buildings were affected, including the ceiling of the Palace of Justice in Valletta. For once, the cathedral in Mdina was not greatly affected.[1]

Fort Chambray in Gozo

30 September 1911 earthquake was more distinctly felt in Gozo than in Malta. Newspapers reported the appearance of deep cracks in the domes and the belltowers of many churches, in particular at Nadur, Għarb, and Ir-Rabat, Gozo, where many public buildings were affected. Numerous rural buildings were completely destroyed. Fort Chambray was badly hit. Many landslides were reported on the isle of Gozo. In Malta, damage was limited to a few cracks.[1]

18 September 1923 earthquake was the first to follow the installation of a Milne seismograph at Valletta. Sadly, it seems not to have worked and gave no useful information; the seismologic data is therefore not clear. The shock seems to have been most felt around the Grand Harbour. Some damage was reported, such as the falling of the stone crosses on churches or cracks in the domes. The greatest ravages seem to have been those exerted on the church of St Paul in Rabat, Malta. The Tal-Virtù Church was badly damaged and remained unused for more than 70 years.[1]

The tsunami of 16 January 1693 occurred contemporaneously with the strong earthquake. Agius de Soldanis recounts how the sea at Xlendi turned a thousand times before returning with force.[6]

The tsunami of 28 December 1908 corresponds to the earthquake of the Strait of Messina.[2] At least three large waves caused significant damage and took a number of victims in the east of Sicily. The waves of this tsunami hit the shores of Malta an hour later, causing flooding at Msida, where part of the old town was damaged. At Marsaxlokk a foaming wave crossed the main road hitting the church of St. Peter. At Sliema, the sea came and went with force. The sea level was registered as abnormally high in the Grand Harbour. Many fishing boats were damaged or destroyed, but no deaths were reported.[6]