Senate of the Free City of Danzig

The Senate of the Free City of Danzig was the government of the Free City of Danzig from 1920 to 1939, after the Allied administration of Reginald Tower and the Danzig Staatsrat.

Senate Building

Constitutional Regulations

Senate Flag
Senate Coat of Arms

The separation of Danzig from the German Reich as a "Free City" without a vote led to the need to draft a constitution. In the Constitution of the Free City of Danzig, articles 25 to 42 detailed and regulated the role of the Senate. The Senate consisted of 7 full-time senators (including the President of the Senate, who was the Chairman, and the Deputy President, the Vice Chairman) and 13 honorary senators. The full-time senators were elected from the Volkstag, and served 4-year terms. The honorary senators could serve indefinite terms. Only by a vote of no confidence from the Volkstag could honorary senators be recalled. Even with a dissolution of the Volkstag, the Senate could remain in power.

The Senate was the highest state authority. In particular, it had the tasks:

  • to announce the laws within a month of their constitutional formation and to issue the ordinances necessary for their execution;
  • to run the state administration independently within the framework of the constitution, the laws and the state budget, and to exercise = supervision over all state authorities;
  • to draw up the budget draft;
  • to manage the property and revenues of the state, to remit revenues and expenditures and to defend the rights of the state;
  • to appoint officials, unless stated otherwise by constitution or law;
  • to operate within the framework of the constitution and the laws for the safety and public welfare of the State and of all nationals, and to adopt its necessary regulations.

In articles 43 to 49, which detailed legislative procedures, laws had to be approved by both the Volkstag and the Senate. In the event that the Senate failed to approve bills on the day it was proposed, a referendum would be held. Constitutional amendments required a two-thirds majority.[1]

With the constitutional amendment of July 4, 1930, the number of senators was reduced to 12 (with the members of the Volkstag decreased from 120 to 72).[2]

Individual Senates

First Sahm Senate

A portrait of Heinrich Sahm

After the establishment of the Free City of Danzig on November 15, 1920, the Constituent Assembly elected the members of the first senate on December 6. It was a bourgeois coalition between the DNVP, the DPP and the liberal Free Economic Association. The Social Democrats were the main opposition. The head of the government was Heinrich Sahm, the former mayor, who did not belong to any party. There were 4 DNVP, 4 DDP and 5 liberals in the Senate. At the second Volkstag election on November 18, 1923, the coalition continued. The First Sahm Senate continued until December 10, until it was replaced by the Second Sahm Senate. The honorary members of the First Sahm Senate, including the Deputy President, resigned in January 15, 1924.

Status Office Name Party
Full-time President of the Senate Heinrich SahmPartyless
Full-time Innterior Minister Wilhelm SchümmerZentrum
Full-time Municipal Affairs Dr. Hubertus Schwartz
Full-time Culture Dr. Hermann StrunkDDP, from 1921 DPFW
Full-time Finance Ernst Volkmann (from February 8th, 1921)Partyless
Full-time Public Works Dr. Otto Leske
Full-time State-owned Enterprise Prof. Ludwig Noé (until April 26th, 1921)DDP, from 1921 DPFW
Wolf Runge (from April 27th, 1921)
Full-time Justice and Social Affairs Dr. Albert FrankDNVP
Honorary Deputy to the President Dr. Ernst Ziehm (elected on January 16th, 1924)DNVP
Honorary Agriculture and Forestry Franz Ziehm (elected on January 16th, 1924)DNVP
Honorary Business Gustav Karow (elected on January 16th, 1924)DNVP
Honorary Otto Pertuss (from January 23rd, 1924)DNVP
Honorary Georg Bennecke (until April 30th, 1921)DNVP
Honorary Richard Senftleben (elected on January 16th, 1924)DNVP
Honorary Otto Schulze (from January 16th, 1924)DNVP
Honorary Kette (re-elected on January 16th, 1924)DNVP
Honorary Schiffsreeder Bosselmann (from January 16th, 1924)DNVP
Honorary Ingenieur Jansson (from May 27th, 1921 to January 15th, 1924)DNVP
Honorary Anton Sawatzki (elected on January 16th, 1924)Zentrum
Honorary Karl Fuchs (elected on January 16th, 1924)Zentrum
Honorary Union Secretary Krause (elected on January 16th, 1924)Zentrum
Honorary City Council Dr. Wiercinski (from January 16th, 1924)Zentrum
Honorary Economy Julius Jewelowski (until January 18th, 1924)DDP, from 1921 DPFW
Honorary Nutrition Dr. Paul Eschert (until January 15th, 1924)FWV, from 1921 DPFW
Honorary Factory Director Dr. Unger (from January 16th to October 15th, 1924)DPFW
Honorary Factory Director Briechle (from January 16th to October 15th, 1924)DPFW
Honorary Savings Gustav Fuchs (until January 15th, 1924)Liberal
Honorary Post Office[3] Emil Förster (until January 15th, 1924)FWV, from 1921 DPFW

[4]

Second Sahm Senate

Julius Gehl, local SPD leader

The rejection of the state budget of 1925 by Deputy President Ernst Ziehm led to a crisis in the government. A new senate was formed on August 19, 1925. This senate was a minority senate, made from a coalition of the SPD, Zentrum, and the German Liberal Party (formed from a 1925 merge of the Free Association of Civil servants, Employees and Workers and the German Party for Progress and Economy (the name of the Free Economic Association since 1920)).[5] This government was tolerated by the Poles and socialist politician Wilhelm Rahn.

Status Office Name Party Annotations
Full-time President of the Senate Heinrich SahmPartyless
Full-time Interior Willibald Wiercinski-KeiserZentrum
Full-time Social Welfare Hubertus Schwartz
Full-time Culture Hermann StrunkDDP
Full-time Finance Ernst VolkmannPartyless
Full-time Public Works Dr. Otto Leske
Full-time State-owned Enterprise Wolf Runge
Full-time Justice Albert FrankDNVP
Honorary Deputy to the President Ernst ZiehmDNVP until 1925
Honorary Deputy to the President Wilhelm RiepeDNVP from 1926
Honorary Anton SawatzkiZentrum
Honorary Hugo NeumannLiberal
Honorary Max BehrendtSPD 1925–1926
Honorary Vice President Julius GehlSPD 1925–1926
Honorary Friedrich GrünhagenSPD 1925–1926
Honorary Bernhard KamnitzerSPD 1925–1926
Honorary Ernst LoopsSPD 1925–1926
Honorary Walter ReekSPD 1925–1926

Third Sahm Senate

In the third Volkstag election on November 13, 1927, there was a further political shift towards the SPD. The parties of the previous minority government now had a majority. Without prejudice for some changes in senators, the SPD, Zentrum, and the Liberals continued to dominate the senate.

The coalition collapsed in 1930, divided over the question of housing management and financing laws. On March 29, the Liberals left the coalition, with the SPD following suit on April 2. In May 1930, Heinrich Sahm's attempt to form a bourgeois senate failed. Sahm suffered another setback in a vote to amend the constitution, in which the DNVP succeeded in reducing the number of seats in the Volkstag from 120 to 72. This Senate remained in office until January 9, 1931.

Status Office Name Party
Full-time Präsident of the Senate Heinrich SahmPartyless
Full-time Interior Friedrich GrünhagenSPD
Full-time Social Welfare Willibald Wiercinski-KeiserZentrum
Full-time Culture Hermann StrunkDDP
Full-time Finance Bernhard KamnitzerSPD
Full-time Public Works Franz ArczynskiSPD
Full-time Construction Hugo AlthoffZentrum
Full-time Justice and Post Office Albert EvertDDP
Honorary Anton SawatzkiZentrum
Honorary Gustav FuchsZentrum
Honorary Bruno KurowskiZentrum
Honorary Julius JewelowskiDDP
Honorary Hans ZintSPD
Honorary Julius GehlSPD
Honorary Willy MoritzSPD

Ziehm Senate

A portrait of Ernst Ziehm

In the fourth Volkstag election on November 16, 1930, neither the left or the bourgeois parties had received majorities. The NSDAP, which had received 12 seats, tipped the scales. On January 10, 1931, a new senate was formed under Ernst Ziem, with its members being parts of the DNVP, Zentrum, and the Liberals. The Nazis tolerated this senate, even though they were prone to extreme political conflict with them.. However, in the autumn of 1931, the NSDAP discussed the possible fall and forceful removal of the Ziehm Senate, decided against by Adolf Hitler. Towards the end of 1932, Hitler changed his mind and started planning to remove the Ziehm Senate. With his appointment as Chancellor in January 1933, it was time for the NSDAP to come into power in Danzig. They deprived the Senate of confidence in Ziehm and offered to enter into a joint senate with the bourgeois parties if Hermann Rauschning became Senate President and the NSDAP appointed the Interior Senator. The bourgeois parties rejected this proposition and the Senate resigned, remaining in office until June 20, 1933.[6]

This Senate was known for increasing authoritarianism in Danzig, even banning the social democratic newspaper Volkstimme for a short time in 1932.[7] By 1932, the Nazis had tapped into the electoral power of the rural population of Danzig, and had become the second most popular party.

Status Office Name Party
Full-time President of the Senate
Agriculture
Ernst Ziehm[8][9]DNVP
Full-time Deputy President
Social Welfare
Willibald Wiercinski-KeiserZentrum
Honorary Interior Georg HinzDNVP
Full-time Culture Alfred WinderlichDNVP
Full-time Culture Julius HoppenrathNatBl (National Bloc)
Full-time Public Works and Trade Hugo AlthoffZentrum
Full-time Businesses, Transport and Work Kurt BlavierNatBl
Honorary Justice Fritz DumontNatBl
Honorary Heinrich SchwegmannDNVP
Honorary Kaufmann SenftlebenDNVP
Honorary Anton SawatzkiZentrum
Honorary Bruno KurowskiZentrum

Rauschning Senate

A portrait of Hermann Rauschning

In the fifth Volkstag election on May 28, 1933, the NSDAP gained an absolute majority. On June 20, 1933, a senate under prominent Danzig Nazi Hermann Rauschning was elected, with only Nazis aside from two Zentrum senators. The Volkstag voted to adopt the Enabling Act, allowing the Senate to use emergency decrees without the approval of the Volkstag.

Office Name Party
President of the Senate Hermann RauschningNSDAP
Deputy President
Interior
Arthur GreiserNSDAP
Social Welfare Hans Albert HohnfeldtNSDAP
Culture Adalbert BoeckNSDAP
Finance Julius HoppenrathNSDAP
Business Wilhelm HuthNSDAP
Construction Karl August HoepfnerNSDAP
Justice Willibald Wiercinski-KeiserZentrum
[10]
Public Health Helmut Adalbert KluckNSDAP
Public Enlightenment and Propaganda Paul BatzerNSDAP[11]
Senators for Special Use Wilhelm von Wnuck
Max Bertling
Anton Sawatzki[12]
NSDAP
NSDAP
Zentrum

References

  1. Text of the Constitution
  2. GBl. S. 179
  3. Förster war im Hauptberuf Direktor des Zopotter Postamts
  4. Sprenger beschreibt, es wären 6 ehrenamtliche Senatoren der DNVP gewählt worden. Ziehm nennt jedoch 7, wobei er jedoch sich selbst als Stellvertreter des Präsidenten mitzählt. Laut den Sitzungsprotokollen des Volkstags wurden 1920 folgende nebenamtliche Senatoren gewählt: Bennecke, Karow, Kette, Pertus, Senftleben, Ziehm, Carl Fuchs, Krause, Sawatzki, Dr. Eschert, Gust. Fuchs, Foerster, Jewelowski.
  5. Heinrich Sprenger : Heinrich Sahm : Kommunalpolitiker und Staatsmann,1969, Diss., S. 118–119, 135–136, 155–156
  6. Dieter Schenk: Danzig 1930–1945. Das Ende einer Freien Stadt. Ch. Links, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86153-737-3, S. 28 (eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche).
  7. Peter Oliver Loew, "Danzig: Biographie einer Stadt", 197.
  8. Ernst Ziehm: Aus meiner politischen Arbeit in Danzig 1914–1939 (Autobiografie), S. 147–156
  9. Die Freie Stadt Danzig Die Senate 1920–1939, http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Danzig/Ueberblick_Reg.html
  10. ab 22. September 1933 NSDAP
  11. ab 22. September 1933 für Sawatzki
  12. bis 22. September 1933
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