Senones

The Senones or Senonii (Gaulish: "the ancient ones") were an ancient Gallic tribe dwelling in the Seine basin, around present-day Sens, during the Iron Age and the Roman period.

This article is about the ancient culture. For the commune in Vosges, France, see Senones, Vosges. For the commune in Mayenne, France, see Senonnes.
A map of Gaul in the 1st century BC, showing the relative positions of the Celtic tribes.

Part of the Senones settled in the Italian peninsula, where they ousted the Umbrians between Ariminum (modern-day Rimini) and Ancona. They are described in classical sources as the leaders of the Gallic war-band that captured Rome during the Battle of the Allia in 390 BCE. They remained a constant threat until Rome eventually subjugated them in 283 BCE, after which they disappeared from Italy.[1]

Name

They are mentioned as Sḗnōnes (Σήνωνες) and Sḗnōnas (Σήνωνας) by Polybius (2nd c. BC),[2] Senonii by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC),[3] Sénnōnes (Σέννωνες) by Diodorus Siculus (1st c. BC),[4] Sénōnes (Σένωνες) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),[5] Senones by Pliny (1st c. AD),[6] Sénones (Σένονες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD),[7] and as Senones by Ammnianus (4th c. AD).[8][9]

The Gaulish ethnonym Senones is generally interpreted as meaning 'the ancient ones', by deriving the name from the Proto-Celtic root *sen- ('old'; cf. Old Irish sen; Middle Welsh hen 'old') extended by the suffix -on-es.[10][11] Pierre-Yves Lambert has also proposed an etymology from the root *sen(H)-, meaning 'to gain, vanquish'.[12] In ancient times, Servius compared the name to the Greek ξενός ('guest-friend, host, stranger').[13]

The city of Sens, attested in the 4th century AD as Senonas oppidum ('oppidum of the Senones'), is named after the Gallic tribe.[14]

Geography

The Senones of Gauls dwelled around their capital Agedincum (present-day Sens).[14]

History

In Gallia Cisalpina

They joined Bellovesus' migrations towards Italy, together with the Aeduii, Ambarri, Arverni, Aulerci, and Carnutes.[15]

In 400 BCE, they crossed the Alps and, driving out the Umbrians, settled on the east coast of Italy. Their territory spanned from Forlì to Ancona and Terni, in the Ager Gallicus. They founded the town of Sena Gallica (Senigallia), which became their capital. In 391 BCE, under the chieftain Brennus, they invaded Etruria and besieged Clusium. The Clusines appealed to Rome for aid. The Romans provided support, which constituted a violation of the law of nations. The ensuing war resulted in the defeat of the Romans at the Battle of the Allia (18 July 390 BCE) and the sacking of Rome.[16]

For more than 100 years the Senones were engaged in hostilities with the Romans, until they were finally subdued (283 BCE) by P. Cornelius Dolabella and driven out of their territory. Nothing more was heard of them in Italy. It is possible that they joined with Gallic tribes who spread themselves throughout the lands of the Danube, Macedonia, and Asia Minor. A Roman colony was established at Sena, called Sena Gallica (currently Senigallia) to distinguish it from Sena Julia (Siena) in Etruria.[16]

In Gallia Transalpina

A branch of the Senones (or a different tribe of the same name) settling the district which now includes the departments of Seine-et-Marne, Loiret and Yonne from 53–51 BCE were engaged in hostilities with Julius Caesar brought about by their expulsion of Cavarinus, whom he had appointed their king. In 51 BCE, a Senonian named Drappes threatened the Provincia, but was captured and starved himself to death. From this time the Gallic Senones disappear from history. In later times, they were included in Gallia Lugdunensis. Their chief towns were Agedincum (later Senones, whence Sens), Metiosedum (Melun; according to A. Holder, Meudon), and Vellaunodunum (site uncertain).[16]

References
  1. Salmon & Potter 2016.
  2. Polybius. Historíai, 2:17:7, 19:10, 20:1, 21:7.
  3. Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 2:2.
  4. Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica, 14:113:3.
  5. Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:3:5.
  6. Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 4:107.
  7. Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:8:9.
  8. Ammianus Marcellinus. Res Gestae, 15:11:11.
  9. Falileyev 2010, s.v. Senones.
  10. Delamarre 2003, p. 270.
  11. Matasović 2009, p. 330.
  12. Lambert 1994, p. 34.
  13. Lambert 2005, s.v. Σένονες.
  14. Nègre 1990, p. 157.
  15. Livius, Ab Urbe condita 5.34-35.3.
  16.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Senones". Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–648.

Bibliography
  • Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
  • Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
  • Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1994). La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies. Errance. ISBN 978-2-87772-089-2.
  • Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2005). "The place names of Lugdunensis [Λουγδουνησία]". In de Hoz, Javier; Luján, Eugenio R.; Sims-Williams, Patrick (eds.). New approaches to Celtic place-names in Ptolemy's Geography. Ediciones Clásicas. pp. 215–251. ISBN 978-8478825721.
  • Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-17336-1.
  • Nègre, Ernest (1990). Toponymie générale de la France. Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7.
  • Salmon, Edward T.; Potter, T. W. (2016), "Senones", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5824, ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5
  • Harris, W., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 413311 (Senones)". Pleiades. Retrieved February 29, 2012.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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