Seoul Subway Line 1

Line 1 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway is a rapid transit and commuter rail line which links central Seoul, South Korea to Soyosan Station in the northeast, Incheon in the southwest, and Sinchang via Suwon and Cheonan in the south. The central underground portion of this rail line is the oldest subway section in the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system. Its branches and services cover a large part of the Seoul Capital Area; totaling 200 km (120 mi) in route length.

Line 1
Overview
Native name1호선（一號線）
Il Hoseon
StatusOperational
TerminiSoyosan
Incheon / Sinchang / Gwangmyeong / Seodongtan
Stations97
Seoul Metro: 10
Korail: 87
Service
TypeRapid transit / Commuter Rail
SystemSeoul Metropolitan Subway
Operator(s)Seoul Metro & Korail
History
OpenedAugust 15, 1974
Technical
Line length200.6 km (124.6 mi)
Seoul Metro: 7.8 km (4.8 mi)[1]
Korail: 192.8 km (119.8 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification1,500 V DC, 25 kV AC 60 Hz overhead line
Operating speed110 km/h (68 mph)
Route map
 Gyeongwon Line
 ↑Dongducheon/Yeoncheon↓
 0.0 Soyosan
 2.5 Dongducheon
 4.1 Bosan
 5.5 Dongducheon Central Station
 6.5 Jihaeng
12.1 Deokjeong
 15.0 Deokkye
Majeon Signal Box
 20.3 Yangju
 21.9 Nogyang
←Gyooe Line
23.2 Ganeung
24.4 Uijeongbu
 26.0 Hoeryong
27.4 Mangwolsa (Temple)
↑Uijeongbu/Seoul↓
29.7 Dobongsan (Mt)
30.9 Dobong
 32.2 Banghak
33.9 Chang-dong
34.9 Nokcheon
 36.3 Wolgye
formal Gyeongchun Line
37.4 Kwangwoon Univ.
38.5 Seokgye
Imun Rail Yard
39.9 Sinimun (Korea Nat'l Univ. of Arts)
40.7 Hankuk Univ. of Foreign Studies
     Gyeongui–Jungang Line      Gyeongchun Line→
41.5 Hoegi
↑AC section/DC section↓ (neutral section)
     Gyeongui–Jungang Line      Gyeongchun Line
42.9 Cheongnyangni
     Gyeongui–Jungang Line→
43.9 Jegi-dong
connection line→
44.8 Sinseol-dong
45.5 Dongmyo
Since 2005
 46.1 Dongdaemun
46.9 Jongno 5(o)-ga
 47.8 Jongno 3(sam)-ga
48.6 Jonggak
 49.6 City Hall
(↖)Gyeongui Line, (→)
50.7 Seoul
(←), (→)
↑DC section/AC section↓ (neutral section)
52.4 Namyeong
←     Gyeongui–Jungang Line
53.9 Yongsan
Yongsan Triangular line
Yongsan Rail Yard (closed)
Han River
56.5 Noryangjin
58.0 Daebang
58.8 Singil
59.8 Yeongdeungpo
61.3 Sindorim
62.4 Guro
←Gyeongin (to Incheon)
Guro Rail Yard
Northbound/Southbound
64.8 Gasan Digital Complex
66.8 Doksan
68.0 Geumcheon-gu Office
←Gyeongbu high-speed railway (Siheung connecting line)
(72.7) Gwangmyeong
70.3 Seoksu
72.2 Gwanak
74.6 Anyang
76.8 Myeonghak
→
78.2 Geumjeong
←
80.4 Gunpo
81.6 Dangjeong
84.6 Uiwang
87.5 Sungkyunkwan Uv.
90.1 Hwaseo
92.2 Suwon      Suin–Bundang Line
95.1 Seryu
99.4 Byeongjeom
Byeongjeom Rail Yard
(101.6) Seodongtan
101.8 Sema
104.5 Osan College
107.2 Osan
111.2 Jinwi
115.0 Songtan
117.2 Seojeong-ri
122.0 Jije
125.7 Pyeongtaek
135.1 Seonghwan
140.5 Jiksan
144.3 Dujeong
147.3 Cheonan
Gyeongbu Line (to Daejeon→
148.8 Bongmyeong
150.3 Ssangyong
151.8 Asan
←Gyeongbu high-speed railway→
Tangjeong
156.7 Baebang
161.6 Onyangoncheon
166.7 Sinchang
Janghang Line (to Iksan station)

The underground section between Seoul Station and Cheongnyangni Station, which is referred to as Seoul Metro Line 1 (7.8 kilometers [4.8 mi]), is currently operated by Seoul Metro.[1] The line first opened in 1974 as the '''Korean National Railroad of Seoul''' with through services to national mainline railways from Seongbuk Station (now: Kwangwoon University Station) to Incheon and Suwon Stations.[2] At the time, the 7.8 km underground portion was run by Seoul Metro was called Line 1 and labeled red on maps. On the other hand, the remaining sections of the rail line run by Korail were labeled either blue or gray on maps, and the express lines were red. In 2000, the adjacent through-running Korail services from the Gyeongbu, Gyeongin and Gyeongwon Lines were officially bundled together as part of a greater Line 1, and the labeling on maps was changed to the current dark blue color.

Frequent service is provided between Soyosan, Dongducheon, Uijeongbu, Cheongnyangni, Seoul, Yongsan, and Guro, where trains split between Incheon in the west and Byeongjeom and Cheonan in the south. Express trains operate from Yongsan and Seoul Stations to Dongincheon and Sinchang stations. Trains run every 3-6 min in the central route between Seoul Station and Cheongnyangni, every 6-9 min between Seoul and Guro, every 8-10 min between Guro and Incheon and between Guro and Byeongjeom, every 10-15 min from Byeongjeom to Cheonan, and every 35 min between Cheonan and Sinchang and service up to the Dongducheon area and Soyosan station

Trains travel along Gyeongbu (Seoul-Cheonan), Gyeongin (Guro-Incheon), Janghang (Cheonan-Sinchang), and Gyeongwon (Hoegi-Soyosan) railway lines. The line runs on the left-hand side of the track, as opposed to the right-hand side of the track like all other Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines (another exception to this is Seoul Subway Line 4 although it runs on the right-hand side until Namtaeryeong station, and operates on the left-hand side for the parts afterwards)[3] since railways in Korea generally run on the left side.

Rapid (Express) trains

Korail operates a variety of express "rapid" (급행, 急行) trains for long distance commuter services on Line 1. These services include:

  • Gyeongin line express services from Yongsan to Dongincheon, operating express between Guro and Dongincheon, including:
    • Regular express services, introduced on January 29, 1999, following quadruple-tracking of the Gyeongin Line.
    • Faster limited express (특급) trains, introduced on July 7, 2017.
  • Red Gyeongbu line express services from Cheongnyangni to Cheonan or Sinchang, operating express between Gasan Digital Complex and Cheonan and running local elsewhere.
  • Green Gyeongbu line express service from Seoul Station to Cheonan or Sinchang, originating at a platform adjacent to Seoul Station, skipping all stations between Seoul Station and Geumcheon-gu Office Station, making intermediate stops at Anyang, Gunpo, Uiwang, and Sungkyunkwan University, and then following the red Gyeongbu line express service pattern south of Suwon. Northbound services (departing from Cheonan/Sinchang and terminating at Seoul Station) stop at Yeongdeungpo Station, but southbound services are unable to due to the lack of a raised platform. This service was introduced on September 25, 1982.[4]
  • Gyeongwon line express services from Dongducheon (although several trains originate from Soyosan) to Incheon, operating express between Dongducheon and Kwangwoon University and running local between Incheon and Kwangwoon University.

Former express services include:

  • One late night Gyeongin line express service that originated at Soyosan, made all stops to Guro, then made express stops until Incheon.
  • Yeongdeungpo-Byeongjeom Gyeongbu line express service, skipping all stations between Yeongdeungpo and Anyang and then following the Yeongsan-Cheonan/Sinchang express service pattern south of Anyang until Byeongjeom. This service was introduced on August 25, 2014 and was discontinued on December 9, 2016.
  • Two faster Yongsan-Sinchang limited express trains (one in each direction), introduced in 2013. This train only operated on weekends and holidays. It was discontinued on July 1, 2018.

Electric current

Seoul Subway Line 1 is powered by 1500 V direct current between Cheongnyangni station and Seoul station, and by 25000 V alternating current elsewhere. Because of this different manner of offering electric current, there are neutral sections between Cheongnyangni station and Hoegi station, as well as between Seoul Station and Namyeong station.

Cheongnyangni-Hoegi DC-AC Deadsection

Stations

Main Lines

GW: Gyeongwon Express (Soyosan/Dongducheon - Incheon)
GI: Gyeongin Express (Yongsan – Dongincheon) Express
GB: Gyeongbu Express (Cheongnyangni – Byeongjeom/Cheonan/Sinchang)

Local lines:

  • Soyosan/Dongducheon/Yangju <——> Incheon
  • Yeongdeungpo <——> Gwangmyeong
  • Sinchang/ Cheonan / Seodongtan <——> Kwangwoon University
●Stops at the station
｜Does not stop at the station
○Limited service
FFuture service
Station
Number
Station Name
English
Station Name
Hangul
Station Name
Hanja
GW
GI
GB
Transfer
Line Name
Distance
in km
Total
Distance
Location
100
 Soyosan 소요산逍遙山
○
No service
No service
 Tonggeun services (Suspended)
Gyeongwon Line
---
0.0
Gyeonggi-do
Dongducheon-si
101
 Dongducheon 동두천東豆川
●
 Tonggeun services (Suspended)
2.5
2.5
102
 Bosan 보산保山
｜
1.6
4.1
103
 Dongducheon Jungang
(Shinhan University Campus 2)		 동두천중앙東豆川中央
●
1.4
5.5
104
 Jihaeng 지행紙杏
●
1.0
6.5
105
 Deokjeong
(Seojeong College)		 덕정德亭
●
5.6
12.1
Yangju-si
106
 Deokgye 덕계德溪
｜
2.9
15.0
107
 Yangju 양주楊州
●
5.3
20.3
108
 Nogyang 녹양綠揚
｜
1.6
21.9
Uijeongbu-si
109
 Ganeung 가능佳陵
｜
1.3
23.2
110
 Uijeongbu 의정부議政府
●
1.2
24.4
111
 Hoeryong 회룡回龍
●
1.6
26.0
112
 Mangwolsa
(Shinhan Univ.)		 망월사望月寺
｜
1.4
27.4
113
 Dobongsan 도봉산道峰山
●
2.3
29.7
Seoul
Dobong-gu
114
 Dobong 도봉道峰
｜
1.2
30.9
115
 Banghak
(Dobong-gu Office)		 방학放鶴
｜
1.3
32.2
116
 Chang-dong 창동倉洞
●
1.7
33.9
117
 Nokcheon 녹천鹿川
｜
1.0
34.9
118
 Wolgye
(Induk Univ.)		 월계月溪
｜
1.4
36.3
Nowon-gu
119
 Kwangwoon Univ. 광운대光云大
●
1.1
37.4
120
 Seokgye 석계石溪
Makes all stops
1.1
38.5
121
 Sinimun
(Korea Nat'l Univ. of Arts)		 신이문新里門
1.4
39.9
Dongdaemun-gu
122
 Hankuk Univ. of Foreign Studies 외대앞外大앞
0.8
40.7
123
 Hoegi 회기回基
0.8
41.5
124
 Cheongnyangni
(Univ. of Seoul)		 청량리淸凉里
Makes all stops
Mugunghwa-ho, ITX-Saemaeul, A-Train, DMZ Train & ITX-Cheongchun services
Seoul Metro Line 1
1.4
42.9
125
 Jegidong
(Korea Association of Health Promotion)		 제기동祭基洞
1.0
43.9
126
 Sinseol-dong 신설동新設洞 (Seongsu Branch)
0.9
44.8
127
 Dongmyo 동묘앞東廟앞
0.7
45.5
Jongno-gu
128
 Dongdaemun 동대문東大門
0.6
46.1
129
 Jongno 5(o)-ga 종로5가鍾路5街
0.8
46.9
130
 Jongno 3(sam)-ga 종로3가鍾路3街
0.9
47.8
131
 Jonggak
(Standard Chartered Bank Korea)		 종각鐘閣
0.8
48.6
132
 City Hall 시청市廳
1.0
49.6
Jung-gu
133
 Seoul station 서울역서울驛 (Seoul Station branch)
Mugunghwa-ho, ITX-Saemaeul, Nuriro, O-Train, S-Train & DMZ Train services
1.1
50.7
134
 Namyeong 남영南營
Gyeongbu Line
1.7
52.4
Yongsan-gu
135
 Yongsan 용산龍山
●
Mugunghwa-ho, Saemaeul-ho, ITX-Saemaeul, ITX-Cheongchun, Nuriro & G-Train services
1.5
53.9
136
 Noryangjin 노량진鷺梁津
●
2.6
56.5
Dongjak-gu
137
 Daebang 대방大方
○
 Sillim Line (2022)
1.5
58.0
Yeongdeungpo-gu
138
 Singil 신길新吉
○
0.8
58.8
139
 Yeongdeungpo 영등포永登浦
○
 Mugunghwa-ho, Saemaeul-ho, ITX-Saemaeul, O-Train & Nuriro services
(limited service)
1.0
59.8
140
 Sindorim 신도림新道林
●
1.5
61.3
Guro-gu
141
 Guro 구로九老
●
1.1
62.4
142
 Guil 구일九一
｜
No service
Gyeongin Line
1.4
63.8
143
 Gaebong 개봉開峰
○
1.0
64.8
144
 Oryu-dong 오류동梧柳洞
｜
1.3
66.1
145
 Onsu 온수溫水
｜
1.9
68.0
146
 Yeokgok 역곡驛谷
○
1.3
69.3
Gyeonggi-do
Bucheon-si
147
 Sosa 소사素砂
｜
1.5
70.8
148
 Bucheon 부천富川
●
1.1
71.9
149
 Jung-dong 중동中洞
｜
1.7
73.6
150
 Songnae 송내松內
●
1.0
74.6
151
 Bugae 부개富開
｜
1.2
75.8
Incheon
Bupyeong-gu
152
 Bupyeong 부평富平
●
1.5
77.3
153
 Baegun 백운白雲
｜
1.7
79.0
154
 Dongam 동암銅岩
○
1.5
80.5
155
 Ganseok 간석間石
｜
1.2
81.7
Michuhol-gu
156
 Juan 주안朱安
●
1.2
82.9
157
 Dohwa 도화道禾
｜
1.0
83.9
158
 Jemulpo 제물포濟物浦
○
1.0
84.9
159
 Dowon 도원桃源
｜
1.4
86.3
Jung-gu
160
 Dongincheon 동인천東仁川
●
1.2
87.5
161
 Incheon 인천仁川
No service
1.9
89.4
141
 Guro 구로九老
●
●
●
Gyeongbu Line
1.1
62.4
Seoul
Guro-gu
P142
 Gasan Digital Complex 가산디지털단지加山디지털團地
No service
●
2.4
64.8
Geumcheon-gu
P143
 Doksan 독산禿山
｜
2.0
66.8
P144
 Geumcheon-gu Office 금천구청衿川區廳
○
1.2
68.0
P145
 Seoksu 석수石水
｜
2.3
70.3
Gyeonggi-do
Anyang-si
P146
 Gwanak 관악冠岳
｜
1.9
72.2
P147
 Anyang 안양安養
●
 Mugunghwa-ho (limited service) &
Nuriro (limited service)
2.4
74.6
P148
 Myeonghak 명학鳴鶴
｜
2.2
76.8
P149
 Geumjeong 금정衿井
●
1.4
78.2
Gunpo-si
P150
 Gunpo 군포軍浦
｜
2.2
80.4
P151
 Dangjeong 당정堂井
｜
1.2
81.6
P152
 Uiwang 의왕義王
○
3.0
84.6
Uiwang-si
P153
 Sungkyunkwan Univ. 성균관대成均館大
●
2.9
87.5
Suwon-si
P154
 Hwaseo 화서華西
｜
2.6
90.1
P155
 Suwon 수원水原
●
Mugunghwa-ho, Saemaeul-ho, ITX-Saemaeul, Nuriro, O-Train, G-Train, & S-Train services
(limited service)
2.1
92.2
P156
 Seryu 세류細柳
｜
2.9
95.1
P157
 Byeongjeom 병점餅店
●
4.3
99.4
Hwaseong-si
P158
 Sema 세마洗馬
｜
2.4
101.8
Osan-si
P159
 Osan College 오산대烏山大
｜
2.7
104.5
P160
 Osan 오산烏山
●
 Mugunghwa-ho (limited service)
2.7
107.2
P161
 Jinwi 진위振威
｜
4.0
111.2
Pyeongtaek-si
P162
 Songtan 송탄松炭
｜
3.8
115.0
P163
 Seojeong-ri 서정리西井里
●
 Mugunghwa-ho (limited service)
2.2
117.2
P164
 Jije 지제芝制
｜
4.8
122.0
P165
 Pyeongtaek 평택平澤
●
 Mugunghwa-ho, Saemaeul-ho (limited service), ITX-Saemaeul (limited service) & Nuriro services
125.7
P166
 Seonghwan 성환成歡
●
 Mugunghwa-ho (limited service) &
Nuriro (limited service)
9.4
135.1
Chungcheong
nam-do
Cheonan-si
P167
 Jiksan 직산稷山
｜
5.4
140.5
P168
 Dujeong 두정斗井
●
3.8
144.3
P169
 Cheonan 천안天安
●
 Mugunghwa-ho, Saemaeul-ho, ITX-Saemaeul, Nuriro, S-Train & O-Train services
3.0
147.3
P170
 Bongmyeong 봉명鳳鳴
Makes all stops (limited service)
Janghang Line
1.5
148.8
P171
 Ssangyong 쌍용雙龍
1.5
150.3
P172
 Asan 아산牙山 Mugunghwa-ho, Saemaeul-ho, Nuriro & G-Train

(at Cheonan-Asan Station)
1.5
151.8
Asan-si
P173
 Tangjeong (April 2021) 탕정
F
P174
 Baebang 배방排芳
Makes all stops (limited service)
4.9
156.7
P176
 Onyangoncheon 온양온천溫陽溫泉 Mugunghwa-ho, Saemaeul-ho, Nuriro, & G-Train services
4.9
161.6
P177
 Sinchang 신창新昌 Nuriro services
5.1
166.7

Yeongdeungpo – Gwangmyeong shuttle service
Station
Number
Station Name
English
Station Name
Hangul
Station Name
Hanja
Transfer
Line Name
Distance
in km
Total
Distance
Location
P144
 Geumcheon-gu Office 금천구청衿川區廳 (Main Lines)
Gyeongbu high-speed railway
1.2
68.0
Seoul
Geumcheon-gu
P144-1
 Gwangmyeong 광명光明
4.7
72.7
Gyeonggi-do
Gwangmyeong-si

Byeongjeom Depot spur service
Station
Number
Station Name
English
Station Name
Hangul
Station Name
Hanja
Transfer
Distance
in km
Total
Distance
Location
P157
 Byeongjeom 병점餠店
4.3
99.4
Gyeonggi-do
Hwaseong-si
P157-1
 Seodongtan 서동탄西東灘
2.2
101.6
Osan-si

Historical Timeline
Seoul Subway map in the early 1980s, which shows the Korail-managed portions of Line 1 in blue and its underground portion as red.

1974

August 15: Line 1 is officially opened with 9 stations from Seoul to Cheongnyangni (7.8 kilometers (4.8 mi)),[1] creating a system of 28 stations (excluding the 9 metro stations) on national railroads from Seongbuk Station (now: Kwangwoon University Station, the then-northern terminus) to Incheon Station and Suwon Station. Korail is named Korean National Railroad, with Line 1 just referring to the Seoul–Cheongnyangni section.

1978

December 9: The Gyeongwon Line from Yongsan to Seongbuk opens as a new branch, with Ichon and Seongsu (now part of the Jungang Line).

1979

February 1: Yuljeon Station is opened.

1980

January 5: Sinimun Station is opened.
April 1: Seobinggo, Hannam and Hoegi (now part of the Jungang Line) are opened.
July 10: Seongsu is renamed Eungbong Station

1982

August 2: Seoksu Station is opened.

1984

January 1: Yuljeon Station is renamed Seongdae-ap Station.
May 22: Sindorim Station is opened.
November 20: Baegun Station is opened.

1985

January 14: Seokgye Station is opened.
April 20: Chang-dong is opened as a northward extension.
August 22: Wolgye and Nokcheon are opened.
October 18: Oksu Station (now part of the Jungang Line) is opened.

1986

September 2: 6 stations from Uijeongbu to Chang-dong are opened as a northward extension.

1987

October 5: Uijeongbu Bukbu Station is opened.
December 31: Jung-dong Station is opened.

1988

January 16: Onsu Station is opened.
October 25: The Ansan Line is opened as a southward branch, from Geumjeong Station to Ansan Station.

1994

July 11: Ganseok and Dowon are opened.
December 1: Seongdae-ap Station is renamed to Sungkyunkwan University.

1995

February 16: Guil Station is opened.

1996

January 1: Hwigyeong Station is renamed to Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Station
March 28: Bugae Station is opened.

1997

April 30: Sosa Station is opened.

1998

January 7: Singil and Doksan are opened.

2000

Korea National Railroad and Line 1 are integrated as Seoul (Metropolitan) Subway Line 1.

2001

November 30: Dohwa Station is opened.

2003

April 30: Seryu and Byeongjeom are opened as a southward extension. The Ansan Line service is replaced with an extended Seoul Subway Line 4.

2004

August 25: Bugok Station is renamed Uiwang Station.

2005

January 20: 8 stations from Byeongjeom to Cheonan are opened as another southward extension.
December 16: The Gyeongwon Line branch from Yongsan Station to Hoegi Station and the Jungang Line from Hoegi Station to Deokso Station open and are renamed to the separate Yongsan-Deokso Line. This service was the predecessor to the current Jungang Line.
December 21: Dongmyo Station is opened.
December 27: Sema and Osan College Stations are opened.

2006

June 30: Jinwi and Jije Stations are opened.
July 1: Garibong Station is renamed to Gasan Digital Complex.
December 15: 8 stations from Soyosan to Uijeongbu Bukbu are opened as a northward extension. A spur line to Gwangmyeong Station is created. Uijeongbu Bukbu Station is renamed to Ganeung.

2007

December 28: Deokgye Station is opened.

2008

December: 6 stations from Cheonan to Sinchang are opened as another southward extension. Siheung Station is renamed to Geumcheon-gu Office.

2010

January 21: Dangjeong Station is opened.
February 26: Seodongtan Station is opened.

2015

February 3: Gyeongin Line express trains start stopping at Gaebong and Jemulpo stations.

2017

July 6: A new limited express service was launched between Yongsan and Dongincheon stations.

2019

December 30: All Gyeongbu Line express trains start stopping at Geumjeong and Sungkyunkwan University stations and are extended to Cheongnyangni. Gyeongbu Line express trains no longer stop at Gunpo station.

Future Plans

Line 1 will be extended northward from Soyosan Station to Yeoncheon Station on the Gyeongwon Line, replacing the current "'Tonggeun" service operating there. Construction on this extension began in September 2014 and is expected to be completed in November 2021.

Rolling stock

Seoul Metro
  • Seoul Metro 1000 series
    • Rheostat-controlled electric car (rebuilt cars) – since 1989
    • VVVF inverter-controlled electric car – since 1999
  • Seoul Metro 1000 series rheostat-controlled EMU (2nd batch)
  • Seoul Metro 1000 series VVVF inverter-controlled EMU

Korail
  • 3rd batch train 1-83 leaving Singil Station
  • Korail Class 311000 (1st batch)
  • Korail Class 311000 (2nd batch)
  • Korail Class 311000 (6th batch)
  • Korail Class 312000
  • Korail Class 319000

Seoul Metro
  • Seoul Metro 1000 series
    • Rheostat-controlled electric car (1st batch) (1974-2002)
  • Seoul Metro 1000 series (1st batch car) on Gyeongbu Line, October 1988

Korail
  • Preserved Korail Class 1000 (1st batch car), January 2009
  • Korail Class 1000 (2nd batch) in new livery

Depots and facilities

(from north to south)

  • Majeon signal box between Deokye and Yangju Stations
  • Chang-dong Depot (shared with Line 4)
  • Seongbuk Depot
  • Imun Depot
  • Guro Depot
  • Siheung Depot (actually after Oido Station on Line 4, also used for heavy maintenance of Line 1 trains owned by Korail, accessed by a crossover located after Geumjeong Station)
  • Byeongjeom Depot

See also

References
  1. 지하철건설현황 [Status of Subway Construction] (in Korean). Seoul City Government. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  2. "Seoul's first subway line opened in 1974". Korea Times. 2011-02-13. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
  3. (in Korean) <오후여담>좌측통행, Munhwailbo
  4. https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1982101400209210002&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1982-10-14&officeId=00020&pageNo=10&printNo=18778&publishType=00020M

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