Shidaiqu

Shidaiqu (Chinese: 時代曲; pinyin: shídàiqǔ) is a type of Chinese folk and American jazz fusion music that originated in Shanghai, China, in the 1920s.[1]

Terminology

The term shídàiqǔ literally means "songs of the era" in Mandarin. When sung in Cantonese, it is referred to as (粵語時代曲, Jyut Jyu Si Doi Kuk). When sung in Amoy Hokkien, it is referred to as (廈語時代曲). The term shidaiqu is thought to have been coined in Hong Kong to describe popular Chinese music that first emerged in Shanghai.[2]

Musicality

Shidaiqu is a kind of fusion music. The use of jazz musical instruments (e.g., castanets, maracas) is unprecedented in Chinese musical history. The song however was sung in a high-pitched childlike style, a style described uncharitably as sounding like "strangling cat" by the writer Lu Xun.[2][3] This early style would soon be replaced by more sophisticated performances from better-trained singers. The songs of the period often use the ABA or ABCA form, which were new to Chinese and are still used by modern composers. The melodies are easy to remember and some of them are still sung today, such as "Wishing You Happiness and Prosperity" (恭喜恭喜) performed by Yao Lee and Yao Min.

History

Shidaiqu music is rooted in both traditional Chinese folk music and the introduction of Western Jazz during the years when Shanghai was under the Shanghai International Settlement. In the 1920s the intellectual elite in Shanghai and Beijing embraced the influx of Western music and movies that entered through trade.[4] The first jazz clubs in Shanghai initially targeted the Western elite, saw an influx of musicians, and acted as dance halls. Beginning in the 1920s, Shidaiqu entered into the mainstream of popular music. The Chinese pop song "Drizzle" ("毛毛雨") was composed by Li Jinhui around 1927 and sung by his daughter Li Minghui (黎明暉).[5][6][7] The song exemplifies the early shidaiqu in its fusion of jazz and Chinese folk music – the tune is in the style of a traditional pentatonic folk melody, but the instrumentation is similar to that of an American jazz orchestra.[8]

Mainstream

Shidaiqu reached peak popularity during 1940s. Famous jazz musicians from both the US and China played to packed dance halls.[9] Chinese women singers grew in celebrity. Additionally, nightclubs such as the Paramount Dance Hall became a meeting point for businessmen from Western countries and China would meet. The western jazz influences were shaped predominately by American jazz musician Buck Clayton. Nowadays, shidaiqu has inspired Gary Lucas for his album The Edge of Heaven and DJs such as Ian Widgery and his Shanghai Lounge Divas project. On the other hand, if cinema was the origin of many songs, Wong Kar-wai used them again for illustrating his movie "In the Mood for Love"; Rebecca Pan, one of the actresses in this film, was also one of those famous shidaiqu singers.

Decline

Throughout the decades leading up to the Great Leap Forward, the reputation of Shidaiqu outside of its target audience was degrading. Despite some of the songs intended to nation build, the government deemed Shidaiqu as "Yellow Music"[10] and described it as "pornographic and commercial".[4] In 1952 the Communists banned nightclubs and pop music production. During this time period, western style instruments were sought out and destroyed and Chinese jazz musicians were "rehabilitated".[11] The tradition then moved to Hong Kong and reached its height from the 1950s to the late 1960s, when it was replaced by Taiwanese pop (sung in Mandarin) and later cantopop. While it is considered a prototype, music enthusiasts may see it as an early version of mandopop.

Revival

While the tradition continued to thrive in Taiwan and Hong Kong, Shidaiqu gained popularity in Mainland China once more during the 1980s. Shanghai opened up for the first time after WWII and interest in what used to be forbidden music peaked. Surviving musicians were invited to play once more in hotel lobbies[11] and pop musicians began writing covers of famous songs such as Teresa Teng's 1978 cover of Li Xianglan's The Evening Primrose.[12] In more recent years, a group called the Shanghai Restoration Project uses both the 1980s and 1940s pop songs to create electronic music.

Political connotations

Shanghai shidaiqu reflects feelings of 1930s Shanghainese citizens. Shanghai was divided into the International Concession and the French Concession in the 1930s and early 1940s. Owing to the protection of foreign nations (e.g., Britain and France), Shanghai was a prosperous and a rather politically stable city. Some songs reflected the extravagant lives of the bourgeoisie and rich merchants. At the same time, some leftist songs also showed the poverty of commoners in the city. Some shidaiqu songs are related to particular historical events (e.g., Second Sino-Japanese War). The lyrics are graceful and expressive. This is closely related to the composers' profound knowledge of literature. The euphemism of presenting love, which was always found in old Chinese novels, is kept in shidaiqu, thus making shidaiqu artistic.

The recording methods of songs on 78rpm gramophone shellac records marked a new age in Chinese musical history. Usually the recording would be done in one take only. Therefore, sound engineers had to be extremely careful when making records. Steel stylus records (鋼針唱片), which were an important recording medium, have now been abandoned due to the development in digital recording. This is also accompanied by the disappearance of this precious sound recording technology.

Shanghai shidaiqu songs are sung in Mandarin, regarded as a symbol of fashion and progressive culture. A large part of the audience would not be fluent in Mandarin.

Shanghai dominated the Chinese movie industry in the 1930s. Song of the Fishermen, a famous movie in the 1930s, marked the beginning of song films or musicals (歌舞片). Pop singers (e.g., Zhou Xuan, Bai Guang, Gong Qiuxia) also participated in these films. Their beautiful voices guaranteed best-selling, hit records.

Representatives
  • Tsui Ping 崔萍
  • Grace Chang 葛蘭
  • Ling Po 凌波
  • Kuang Yuling 鄺玉玲
  • Julie Yeh Feng or Yeh Feng 葉楓
  • Deng Xiaoping 鄧小萍
  • Ouyang Feiying 歐陽飛鶯
  • Ruby Wah or Hua Yibao 華怡保
  • Carrie Koo Mei 顧媚
  • Huang Ling or Wong Ling 黃菱
  • Billie Tam 蓓蕾
  • Deng Baiying 鄧白英
  • Yi Min 逸敏
  • Winnie Wei or Wei Xiuxian 韋秀嫻
  • Liu Yun or Lau Yuen 劉韻
  • Liang Ping 梁萍
  • Xia Peizhen 夏佩珍

See also

Notes
  1. Shoesmith, Brian. Rossiter, Ned. [2004] (2004). Refashioning Pop Music in Asia: Cosmopolitan flows, political tempos and aesthetic Industries. Routeledge Publishing. ISBN 0-7007-1401-4
  2. "From Shanghai with love". South China Morning Post. 31 December 2001.
  3. 鲁迅 (January 2013). "阿金". 鲁迅散文精选 (Selected Writings of Lu Xun). p. 215. ISBN 9787539183763. 但我却也叨光听到了男嗓子的上低音（barytone）的歌声，觉得很自然，比绞死猫儿似的《毛毛雨》要好得天差地远。 translation: "But I was blessed with a performance of male baritone voice, and it sounded very natural; compared to the strangling cat sound of "The Drizzle", the difference is like heaven and earth.
  4. Hsieh, Terrence. "Jazz meets East". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Ching, May Bo (2009). Helen F. SIU; Agnes S. KU (eds.). Hong Kong Mobile: Making a Global Population. Hong Kong University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-9622099180.
  6. ""SHANGHAI IN THE 1930S"- Legendary Women". Vantage Shanghai. 11 July 2013.
  7. "FROM SHANGHAI WITH LOVE". Naxos.
  8. Jones, Andrew F. "ORIAS: Sonic Histories: Chinese Popular Music in the Twentieth Century" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29.
  9. Cornish, Audie. "Remaking All That Jazz From Shanghai's Lost Era". National Public Radio.
  10. Wilson, Dale. Andrew F. Jones. Yellow Music: Media Culture and Colonial Modernity in the Chinese Jazz Age (PDF). Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
  11. Lim, Louisa. "Survivors of Shanghai's Jazz Age Play Anew". National Public Radio.
  12. Wang, Hansi Lo. "Remaking All That Jazz From Shanghai's Lost Era". National Public Radio.

References
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