Siege of Aleppo (1124)

The siege of Aleppo by Baldwin II of Jerusalem and his allies lasted from 6 October 1124 to 25 January 1125.

Background

Located in the Syrian steppes, Aleppo was an important center of the Muslim world in the 11th century.[1] When travelling from Baghdad to Antioch in the 1060s, Ibn Butlan crossed prosperous villages near Aleppo.[2] Earthquakes regularly hit northern Syria in the 11th century.[3] Two earthquakes were especially serious, causing much damage in August and November 1114.[3][4]

A Seljuk prince, Ridwan, ruled Aleppo when the crusaders reached northern Syria in 1097.[5] His conflicts with his brother, Duqaq, the ruler of Damascus, enabled the crusaders to lay siege to Antioch.[5] Ridwan and Duqaq led separate relieving armies to the town, but the crusaders defeated both.[6] The first crusader ruler of Jerusalem Godfrey of Bouillon was planning the conquest of Aleppo already in 1100, according to Guibert of Nogent.[7] Taking advantage of the crusaders' defeat in the Battle of Harran in 7 May 1104, Ridwan invaded the Principality of Antioch, but its ruler, Tancred, routed him in the Battle of Artah in the spring of 1105.[8][9] Ridwan did not dare to make raids against Antiochene territories during the following 5 years.[9] Ridwan was a friend of the Assassins.[10] He died in December 1113.[11]

Rumours about the plans of Tancred's successor, Roger of Salerno, to conquer Aleppo brought about an alliance between the Artuqid emir of Mardin, Ilghazi, and the atabeg (or governor) of Damascus, Toghtekin, in the early summer of 1119.[12] Ilghazi inflicted a crushing defeat on the crusaders in the Battle of the "Field of Blood" on 28 June.[13][14] Roger perished fighting in the battlefield.[13] Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, and Pons, Count of Tripoli, hurried to Antioch to save the principality.[15] Ilghazi and Toghtekin joined their forces, but they could not defeat the crusaders in a battle near Tell Danith and returned to their realms in August.[16]

Baldwin II who was held captive by Timurtash, son of Ilghazi, was released 29 August 1124, based on an agreement to pay 80,000 dinars and to cede Atarib, Zardana, Azaz and other Antiochene fortresses to Timurtash.[17][18]

Siege

Baldwin II decided to attack Aleppo to free the hostages, including Baldwin's youngest daughter Ioveta, who were handed over to Timurtash to secure the release payment.[19][20]

Therefore, he made an alliance with Joscelin I of Edessa, a Bedouin leader, Dubais ibn Sadaqa and two Seljuq princes, Sultan-Shah ibn Radwan and Toghrul Arslan.[21] He laid siege to the town on 6 October 1124.[19] In the meantime, the qadi of Aleppo, Ibn al-Khashshab, approached Aqsunqur al-Bursuqi, atabeg of Mosul, seeking his assistance.[22] Upon hearing of al-Bursuqi's arrival, Dubais ibn Sadaqa withdrew from Aleppo, which forced Baldwin to lift the siege on 25 January 1125.[23][24]

Aftermath

Baldwin II and al-Bursuqi forces met at the Battle of Azaz in June 1125, which resulted in a crusader victory.

References
  1. Barber 2006, p. 30.
  2. Barber 2012, p. 27.
  3. Barber 2012, p. 33.
  4. Lock 2006, p. 32.
  5. Maalouf 1984, p. 22.
  6. Lock 2006, p. 22.
  7. Barber 2012, p. 55.
  8. Lock 2006, p. 28.
  9. Barber 2012, p. 84.
  10. Barber 2012, p. 99.
  11. Barber 2012, p. 103.
  12. Barber 2012, p. 122.
  13. Lock 2006, p. 34.
  14. Barber 2012, pp. 122-123.
  15. Barber 2012, p. 124.
  16. Barber 2012, p. 125.
  17. Runciman 1989b, p. 171.
  18. Köhler 2013, p. 113.
  19. Lock 2006, p. 37.
  20. Köhler 2013, p. 114.
  21. Barber 2012, p. 142.
  22. Maalouf 1984, p. 98.
  23. Runciman 1989b, p. 173.
  24. Lock 2006, p. 38.

Sources
  • Asbridge, Thomas (2000). The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130. The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-661-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Buck, Andrew D. (2017). The Principality of Antioch and its Frontiers in the Twelfth Century. The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-78327-173-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 9-78-0-415-39312-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Maalouf, Amin (1984). The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. SAQI. ISBN 978-0-86356-023-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Runciman, Steven (1989b). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06162-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Köhler, Michael (2013). Alliances and Treaties between Frankish and Muslim Rulers in the Middle East: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Period of the Crusades. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-24857-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

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