Siege of Gravelines (1644)

Gravelines

Dunkirk

St Omer

Arras

Lens

Calais

Corbie

Landrecies

Watten

The Pas-de-Calais region, 1644 (showing modern France-Belgium border)

17th century Europe was dominated by the struggle between the Bourbon kings of France, and their Habsburg rivals in Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Habsburg territories in the Spanish Netherlands, Franche-Comté, and the Pyrenees blocked French expansion, and made it vulnerable to invasion. Despite their own Catholicism, the Bourbons supported Habsburg opponents irrespective of religion, including the Muslim Ottomans.[2]

From 1622 to 1630, France was occupied suppressing Protestant revolts at home, while backing Protestant allies in the Dutch revolt, and 1618 to 1648 Thirty Years' War.[3] In 1635, Louis XIII agreed to divide the Spanish Netherlands with the Dutch, and declared war on Spain.[4]

The Spanish repulsed a French attack in the Netherlands and in 1636 took the offensive, reaching Corbie in Northern France before withdrawing. This led to a change in tactics; the French refocused on strengthening their borders, capturing Arras in 1640, then Perpignan two years later. On 19 May 1643, the main Spanish army was defeated by D'Enghien, later Le Grand Condé, at Rocroi, which was followed by advances in the strategic Lorraine region.[5]

Shortly before Rocroi, Louis XIII died and was succeeded by his five year old son, Louis XIV. His minority led to a power struggle between his mother, Anne of Austria, supported by Cardinal Mazarin, and his uncle, Gaston, duc d'Orléans. Allegedly jealous of D'Enghien, Orléans insisted on an offensive in French Flanders, rather than consolidating the gains of 1643.[6]

The main objective for 1644 was Gravelines, one end of a line of defences along the border between France and the Spanish Netherlands. The Dutch would simultaneously attack Sas van Gent in the north, while their fleet prevented the Spanish resupplying Gravelines.[7] Faced by this double threat, Francisco de Melo, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, prioritised retaining the northern Flemish ports of Ghent and Antwerp; Gravelines could not expect to be relieved.[8]

Gravelines; the canal entering the Channel

Its position and the marshy ground surrounding it meant besieging Gravelines required an army of around 20,000, which arrived in front of the town on 28 May. Nominally commanded by Orléans, operations were conducted by La Meilleraye, the Master of Artillery, and de Gassion, D'Enghien's deputy at Rocroi. Both were experienced and capable but proved unable to work together effectively.[9]

The attackers first had to capture a small outer work known as Fort St Philippe; after it fell on 13 June, the siege of the town began. The French constructed two sets of trenches, one from the east, the other from the south, each supervised by one of the senior commanders. As Master of Artillery, La Meilleraye controlled trenching supplies, which de Gassion later claimed he refused to share.[9]

A battery of 20 guns was constructed where the trenches met up, and began firing on 20th. Operations progressed slowly, the defenders repulsing four separate attacks before the French established themselves on the outer walls on 26 July. Under the rules of war, if the defenders surrendered once this happened, they could leave with their weapons and possessions; if not, they would be killed and the town sacked. With no hope of relief, and having held up the main French army for two months, the Spanish garrison 'beat the chamade' on 28 July, and received safe passage to Dunkirk. After nearly coming to blows over who should enter the town first, La Meilleraye returned to Paris, leaving De Gassion at Watten.[10]

In September, the Dutch captured Sas van Gent, but doing so absorbed the entire campaigning season; this was a reasonable exchange for the Spanish, who recaptured Gravelines in 1652. The failure to gain a decisive victory was in part due to competing objectives in the Spanish Netherlands, where the French wanted their own ports to control their trade. Much of it was currently handled by Amsterdam, which had become the richest city in Europe as a result. It was also capital of the States of Holland, whose taxes produced over 60% of the national budget.[11]

In 1645, the French besieged Bruges, a town allocated to the Dutch in the 1635 treaty; in 1646, a combined attack on Antwerp was cancelled after news of a proposed marriage contract between seven year old Louis XIV and Maria Theresa of Spain. Although Mazarin denied any such agreement, he admitted discussions had taken place, and that it had proposed that the Spanish Netherlands formed part of her dowry. As a result, the Dutch agreed the 1648 Peace of Münster with Spain, which confirmed their independence.[12]

• Black, Jeremy (2002). European Warfare, 1494-1660. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415275316.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• De Périni, Hardÿ (1896). Batailles françaises, Volume IV. Ernest Flammarion, Paris.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link);
• Israel, Jonathan (1990) [1989]. Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740 (1990 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198211396.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Jensen, De Lamar (1985). "The Ottoman Turks in Sixteenth Century French Diplomacy". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 16 (4).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Poot, Anton (2013). Crucial years in Anglo-Dutch relations (1625-1642): the political and diplomatic contacts. Uitgeverij Verloren. ISBN 978-9087043803.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2014). Asbach, Olaf; Schröder, Peter (eds.). The Dutch-Spanish War in the Low Countries, 1621-1648 in The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years' War. Ashgate. ISBN 978-1409406297.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Wedgwood, CV (1938). The Thirty Years War (2005 ed.). New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1590171462.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

• "Siege of Gravelines, 1644". Fortified-Places.com. Retrieved 28 January 2020.