Siege of Pemaquid (1696)

During much of the seventeenth century, Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine) was the most northern coastal settlement of New England, and Pentagouet (present-day Castine, Maine) was the most southern Acadian settlement, a colony of New France.[5] During King William's War, the area became a battleground as the French and English fought to determine the boundaries of their empires. In 1689 Baron de St Castin and the Wabanaki Confederacy (Abenaki) captured and burned down Fort Charles, the wooden stockade fort at Pemaquid. They killed 200 British at the fort and surrounding area.[6]

By 1692, the English regained control of the region, and Sir William Phipps ordered construction of Fort William Henry to replace Fort Charles (the original fort built in 1677 by order of Governor Andros). The English built Fort William Henry as a fortress to protect the northern boundary of New England. The fort was the largest in New England.[7] The Massachusetts government used one third of its budget to build the fort.[8] The fort was built with stone and mortar. There were eighteen cannon mounted in the gun ports of six-foot thick walls that rose ten to twenty feet above the ground. The fort was rebuilt under the direction of Captain John March with the assistance of Benjamin Church.[9]

The commander of the fort was Captain Pasco Chubb. He violated an assembly that was held under a flag of truce, by killing a number of the Abenaki chiefs who were present (including Chief Aspinquid).[8] D'Iberville knew that he would require both a land-based cannon assault and war ships to conquer the fort. Led by Saint-Castin, the Abenaki Nation joined forces with D'Iberville at Pentagouet.

Baron de St Castin

On August 14, D'Iberville led a force of 500 in the siege of Fort William Henry.[10] Five hundred warriors descended onto Fort William Henry in their canoes. The warriors surrounded the fort, thereby pinning the English inside. This strategy allowed D'Iberville to enter the harbor and unload his cannons. D'Iberville arrived with three French ships. They immediately began to lay siege to the fort. Captain Chubb refused to surrender. The assault went on until the afternoon of the next day. In the terms of his surrender, Chubb arranged for his men to be escorted to Boston and exchanged for French and Indian prisoners held there.

D'Iberville and the natives continued on to the English colony of Newfoundland and raided many villages in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. Major Church retaliated for the siege by going to Acadia and engaging in the Raid on Chignecto. Chubb was tracked down by the natives two years later in his home in Andover and was massacred along with his family.

• Betrayal at Fort William Henry

Citations

Secondary sources

• Baker, Emerson W.; Reid, John G. (1998). The New England Knight: Sir William Phips, 1651-1695. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-0925-8.
• Faragher, John Mack (2005). A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland. W.W Norton & Company. pp. 110–112. ISBN 978-0-393-05135-3.
• Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005). From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Provost, Honorius (1979) [1966]. "Baudoin, Jean". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
• Kayworth, Alfred E.; Potvin, Raymond G. (2002). The Scalp Hunters: Abenaki Ambush at Lovewell Pond, 1725. Branden. pp. 104–109. ISBN 978-0-8283-2075-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Sylvester, Herbert Milton (1910). Indian Wars of New England: The Land of the Abenake. The French Occupation. King Philip's War. St. Castin's War. Vol. I. Bosto: W.B. Clarke Company. pp. 484–485.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Williams, Alan F. (1987). Father Baudoin's War: D'Iberville's Campaigns in Acadia and Newfoundland, 1696, 1697. Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland. ISBN 978-0-88901-144-1.

Primary sources

• Baudoin, Jean (1900). Journal de l'expédition de D'Iberville en Acadie et a Terre-Neuve, par l'abbé Beaudouin [Journal of Abbe Baudoin: Diary of a Journey with M. D'Iberville from France to Acadia and from Acadia to Newfoundland] (in French). Evreux.
• Church, Benjamin; Church, Thomas; Drake, Samuel G. (1825). The History of King Philip's War; Also of Expeditions Against the French and Indians in the Eastern Parts of New-England, in the Years 1689, 1690, 1692, 1696 and 1704. With Some Account of the Divine Providence Towards Col. Benjamin Church. Boston: Howe & Norton.–The History of King Philip's War at Google Books
• Church, Benjamin; Church, Thomas; Drake, Samuel G. (1845). The History of the Great Indian War of 1675 and 1676: Commonly Called Philip's War : Also the Old French and Indian Wars, from 1689 to 1704. Hartford, Connecticut: Silus Andrus & Son. pp. 228–233.–The History of the Great Indian War of 1675 and 1676 at Google Books