Sikh gurus

The Sikh Gurus (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂ) are the spiritual masters of Sikhi, who established this religion over the course of about two and a half centuries, beginning in 1469.[2] The year 1469 marks the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. He was succeeded by nine other gurus until, in 1708, the Guruship was finally passed on by the tenth guru to the holy Sikh scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, which is now considered the living Guru by the followers of the Sikh faith.[3]

A miniature painting, dated 1890, depicting an "imaginary portrait" of the ten Gurus and others.[1]

Etymology and definition
Main article: Guru

Guru (/ˈɡuːruː/, UK also /ˈɡʊruː, ˈɡʊər-/; Sanskrit: गुरु, Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ, IAST: guru) is a Sanskrit term for a "teacher, guide, expert, or master" of certain knowledge or field.[4] Bhai Vir Singh, in his dictionary of Guru Granth Sahib describes the term Guru as a combination of two separate units: "Gu;(ਗੁ)" meaning darkness and "Rū;(ਰੂ)" which means light.[5] Hence, Guru is who brings light into darkness or in other words, the one who enlightens.

Bhai Vir Singh's definition provides further insight about Sikhi itself and explains why Guru Granth Sahib is considered the living Guru. The word Sikh is derived from the Sanskrit term shishya[6](Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ) which means a disciple or a student. Thus, Sikhs have a student-teacher relationship with their Gurus since their teachings, written in Guru Granth Sahib, serve as a guide for the sikhs.

The Gurus
S.No. Name Portrait Date of birth Guruship on Date of death Father Mother Birthplace Resting place
1 Guru Nanak Dev 14 April 1469 [note 1] Since birth 22 September 1539(1539-09-22) (aged 70) Mehta Kalu Mata Tripta Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Delhi Sultanate Kartarpur, Punjab, Mughal Empire
2 Guru Angad Dev 31 March 1504 7 September 1539 29 March 1552(1552-03-29) (aged 47) Baba Pheru Mal Mata Ramo Muktsar, Punjab, Mughal Empire Khadur Sahib, Punjab, Mughal Empire
3 Guru Amar Das 5 May 1479 26 March 1552 1 September 1574(1574-09-01) (aged 95) Tej Bhan Bhalla Mata Bakht Kaur Amritsar, Punjab, Mughal Empire Goindval, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
4 Guru Ram Das 24 September 1534 1 September 1574 1 September 1581(1581-09-01) (aged 46) Baba Har Das Mata Daya Kaur Lahore, Punjab, Mughal Empire Goindval, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
5 Guru Arjan Dev 15 April 1563 1 September 1581 30 May 1606(1606-05-30) (aged 43) Guru Ram Das Mata Bhani Goindval, Punjab, Mughal Empire Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
6 Guru Hargobind 19 June 1595 25 May 1606 28 February 1644(1644-02-28) (aged 48) Guru Arjan Dev Mata Ganga Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Kiratpur Sahib, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire
7 Guru Har Rai 16 January 1630 3 March 1644 6 October 1661(1661-10-06) (aged 31) Baba Gurditta Mata Nihal Kaur Kiratpur Sahib, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
8 Guru Har Krishan 7 July 1656 6 October 1661 30 March 1664(1664-03-30) (aged 7) Guru Har Rai Mata Krishan Kaur Kiratpur Sahib, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
9 Guru Tegh Bahadur 1 April 1621 20 March 1664 11 November 1675(1675-11-11) (aged 54) Guru Hargobind Mata Nanaki Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire Delhi, Delhi Subah Mughal Empire
10 Guru Gobind Singh 22 December 1666 11 November 1675 7 October 1708(1708-10-07) (aged 41) Guru Tegh Bahadur Mata Gujri Patna Sahib, Bihar Subah, Mughal Empire Hazur Sahib, Bidar Subah, Mughal Empire

Timeline of Sikh Gurus

Pedigree of Sikh Gurus[note 2]

See also

References
  1. The Sikhs. E.J. Brill. p. 38. ISBN 9004095543.
  2. Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  3. The Sikhs : faith, philosophy & folk. Lustre Press. ISBN 9788174360373.
  4. Stefan Pertz (2013), The Guru in Me - Critical Perspectives on Management, GRIN Verlag, ISBN 978-3638749251, pages 2-3
  5. Singh, Veer (1964). Sri Guru Granth Kosh. p. 122.
  6. World religions : from ancient history to the present. ISBN 978-0-87196-129-7.

Notes
  1. officially observed on Kartik Puranmashi (October–November)
  2. Listed names and relations might vary from source to source since different aspects of Sikh history have been written by many different individuals over the course of past six centuries.

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