Emirate of Afghanistan

The Emirate of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان امارت‎ Da Afghānistān Amārat; Persian: امارت افغانستان) was an emirate between Central Asia and South Asia, which is now today's Afghanistan and some parts of Pakistan (before 1893). The emirate emerged from the Durrani Empire, when Dost Mohammed Khan, the founder of the Barakzai dynasty in Kabul, prevailed. The history of the Emirate was dominated by 'the Great Game' between the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom for supremacy in Central Asia. This period was characterized by the European influence in Afghanistan. The Emirate of Afghanistan continued the war with the Sikh Empire, which led to the First Anglo-Afghan War by British forces. The war eventually resulted in victory for Afghans with the British withdrawal[2] and Dost Mohammad being reinstalled to the throne.[2] However, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1880), the British defeated the Afghans and this time the British conquered many Afghan territories within modern-day Pakistan and took control of Afghanistan's foreign affairs until Emir Amanullah Khan regained them after the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 was signed following the Third Anglo-Afghan War.

Not to be confused with Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan or Emirate of Afghanistan (1929).
Emirate of Afghanistan

د افغانستان امارت
Da Afghānistān Amārat
1823–1926
Flag (1919–1926)
Afghanistan before the 1893 Durand Line Agreement
StatusBritish protectorate (1839–1842, 1879–1919)[1]
CapitalKabul
Common languagesPashto and Persian
Religion
Sunni Islam
GovernmentEmirate
Emir 
• 1823–1829 (first)
Dost Mohammad Khan
• 1919–1926 (last)
Amanullah Khan
LegislatureLoya Jirga
Historical era19th century
• Established
14 March 1823
• Disestablished
9 June 1926
Area
1893652,225 km2 (251,825 sq mi)
CurrencyAfghan rupee
ISO 3166 codeAF
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Durrani Empire
Kingdom of Afghanistan
British Raj
Part of a series on the
History of Afghanistan
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Ancient
Indus Valley Civilisation 2200–1800 BC
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Medieval
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Modern
Mughals 1501–1738
Safavids 1510–1709
Hotak dynasty 1709–1738
Afsharid dynasty 1738–1747
Durrani Empire 1747–1823
Emirate of Afghanistan 1823–1919
Kingdom of Afghanistan 1919–1973
Daoud coup 1973
Republic of Afghanistan 1973–1978
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1978–1992
Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992–2001
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan 1996–2004
Interim/Transitional Administration 2001–2004
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan since 2004
Related historical names of the region
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On 14 March 1823, the emirate lost control of the former Afghan stronghold of Peshawar Valley to the Sikh Khalsa Army of Ranjit Singh at the Battle of Nowshera. The Afghan forces in the battle were supported by Azim Khan, half-brother of Dost Mohammad Khan.

History

Escalated a few years after the establishment of the emirate, the Russian and British interests were in conflict between Muhammad Shah of Iran and Dost Mohammed Khan, which led to the First Anglo-Afghan War which was fought between 1839 and 1842.[3] During the war, Britain occupied the country, in an effort to prevent Afghanistan from coming under Russian control and curb Russian expansion. The war ended with a temporary victory for the United Kingdom, which, however, had to withdraw so that Dost Muhammad came to power again.[4]

Upon the death of Dost Muhammad in 1863, he was succeeded by his son, Sher Ali Khan. However, three years later, his older brother Mohammad Afzal Khan overthrew him. In 1868, Mohammad Afzal Khan was himself overthrown and replaced as Emir by Sher Ali, who returned to the Throne. Sher Ali had spent his few short years in exile in Russia. His return as Emir led to new conflicts with Britain. Subsequently, the British marched on 21 November 1878 into Afghanistan and Emir Sher Ali was forced to flee again to Russia, but he died in 1879 in Mazar-i-Sharif.[5] His successor, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, sought solutions for peace with Russia and gave them a greater say in Afghanistan's foreign policy. Meanwhile, he signed the Treaty of Gandamak with the British on 26 May 1879, relinquishing solely the control of Afghanistan foreign affairs to the British Empire. However, when the British envoy Sir Louis Cavagnari was killed in Kabul on 3 September 1879, the British offered to accept Abdur Rahman Khan as Emir. The British concluded a peace treaty with the Afghans in 1880, and withdrew again in 1881 from Afghanistan. The British in 1893 forced Afghanistan to consent to the Durand Line, which is still straight through the settlement area of the Pashtuns runs and about a third of Afghanistan to British India annexing.[6]

After the war, Emir Abdur Rahman Khan, who struck down the country reformed and repressed numerous uprisings. After his death in 1901 his son Habibullah Khan succeeded as emir and continued reforms. Habibullah Khan sought reconciliation with the UK, where he graduated in 1905 with a peace treaty with Russia, stretching for defeat in the Russo-Japanese War had to withdraw from Afghanistan. In the First World War, Afghanistan remained, despite German and Ottoman efforts, neutral (Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition). In 1919 Habibullah Khan was assassinated by political opponents.[7]

Habibullah Khan's son Amanullah Khan was in 1919 against the rightful heir apparent Nasrullah Khan, the then Emir of Afghanistan. Shortly afterwards another war broke which lasted for three months.[8][9][10][11] This war was ended with the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 after which, the Afghans were able to resume the right to conduct their own foreign affairs as a fully independent state.[12] Amanullah Khan began the reformation of the country and was crowned 1926 Padshah (king) of Afghanistan and founded the Kingdom of Afghanistan.[13]

See also

References
  1. Masato Toriya (2017). Afghanistan as a Buffer State between Regional Powers in the Late Nineteenth Century (PDF). Hokkaido Slavic-Eurasian Reserarch Center. pp. 49–62.
  2. Kohn, George Childs (2013). Dictionary of Wars. Revised Edition. London/New York: Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 9781135954949.
  3. Shultz, Richard H.; Dew, Andrea J. (2006-08-22). Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231503426.
  4. Baxter, Craig (2001). "The First Anglo–Afghan War". In Federal Research Division, Library of Congress (ed.). Afghanistan: A Country Study. Baton Rouge, LA: Claitor's Pub. Division. ISBN 1-57980-744-5. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  5. Dupree: Amir Sher Ali Khan Archived 2010-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
  6. Smith, Cynthia (August 2004). "A Selection of Historical Maps of Afghanistan – The Durand Line". United States: Library of Congress. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  7. Islam and Politics in Afghanistan, Olesen, page 101
  8. Dijk, Ruud van; Gray, William Glenn; Savranskaya, Svetlana; Suri, Jeremi; Zhai, Qiang (2013-05-13). Encyclopedia of the Cold War. Routledge. ISBN 9781135923105.
  9. Adamec, Ludwig W. (2012-01-01). Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810878150.
  10. Pazhvāk, ʻabd al-Raḥmān (1959). Aryana, ancient Afghanistan.
  11. Jawed, Mohammed Nasir (1996-01-01). Year Book of the Muslim World. Medialine. ISBN 9788186420003.
  12. Barthorp 2002, pp. 27 & 64
  13. "Afghanistan". World Statesmen. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

Further reading
  • Clements, Frank. Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia (ABC-Clio, 2003), (online).

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