Skin reflectance

In anthropology, reflectometry devices are often used to gauge human skin color through the measurement of skin reflectance. These devices are typically pointed at the upper arm or forehead, with the emitted waves then interpreted at various percentages. Lower frequencies represent lower skin reflectance and thus darker pigmentation, whereas higher frequencies represent greater skin reflectance and therefore lighter pigmentation.[1]

Below are global estimates of skin reflectance frequencies in various countries, populations and areas as observed and predicted by Jablonski and Chaplin.[1]

#Country/Population/AreaHemisphereReflectance siteObserved reflectance at 685 nmPredicted reflectance at 685 nm
1Afghanistan/IranNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm55.7045.55
2Algeria (Aures)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm58.0547.91
3Australia (Darwin)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm19.3036.24
4BelgiumNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm63.1465.66
5Botswana (San)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm42.4039.45
6Brazil (Caingan)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm49.4048.53
7Brazil (Guaraní)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm47.2045.29
8Burkina Faso (Kurumba)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm28.6034.23
9CambodiaNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm54.0038.99
10Cameroon (Fali)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm21.5034.37
11Chad (Sara)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm24.6034.77
12China (Southern)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm59.1750.49
13China (Tibet)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm54.7041.78
14EthiopiaNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm31.7032.70
15Ethiopia (Highland)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm33.5531.35
16Germany (Mainz)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm66.9065.21
17Greenland (Southern)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm55.7070.31
18IndiaNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm44.6048.85
19India (Bengal)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm49.7344.33
20India (Goa)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm46.4038.93
21India (Nagpur)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm41.3041.53
22India (Northern)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm53.2644.23
23India (Orissa)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm32.0541.52
24India (Punjab)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm54.2447.89
25India (Rajasthan)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm52.0042.19
26India (Southern)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm46.7037.60
27Iraq/Syria (Kurds)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm61.1251.50
28Ireland (Ballinlough)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm65.2067.11
29Ireland (Carnew)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm64.5065.84
30Ireland (Longford)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm65.0066.99
31Ireland (Rossmore)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm64.7566.73
32IsraelNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm58.2048.67
33Israel (Kurdish Jews)[2]Northern hemisphereMedial aspect of upper arm54.89–60.02
34Israel (Yemeni Jews)[2]Northern hemisphereMedial aspect of upper arm53.15–56.94
35Japan (Central)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm55.4258.51
36Japan (Hidakka)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm59.1063.58
37Japan (Northern)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm54.9061.34
38Japan (Southwest)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm53.5556.68
39JordanNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm55.4258.51
40Jordan (Arabs)[3]Northern hemisphereForehead44.2–47.1
41Jordan (Arabs)[3]Northern hemisphereMedial aspect of upper arm48.0–52.7
42Jordan (Chechen)[3]Northern hemisphereForehead50.9–52.5
43Jordan (Chechen)[3]Northern hemisphereMedial aspect of upper arm51.9–55.0
44Jordan (Druze, males)[3]Northern hemisphereForehead48.5
45Jordan (Druze, males)[3]Northern hemisphereMedial aspect of upper arm52.8
46KenyaNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm32.4034.21
47LebanonNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm58.2050.74
48LiberiaNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm29.4040.52
49Libya (Cyrenaica)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm53.5044.19
50Libya (Fezzan)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm44.0041.31
51Libya (Tripoli)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm54.4048.83
52MalawiSouthern hemisphereUpper inner arm27.0038.67
53Mali (Dogon)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm34.1034.54
54MoroccoNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm54.8549.09
55Mozambique (Chopi)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm19.4543.84
56NamibiaSouthern hemisphereUpper inner arm25.5538.29
57Namibia (Okavango)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm22.9238.63
58Namibia (Reheboth Baster)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm32.9036.49
59Nepal (Eastern)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm50.4246.31
60NetherlandsNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm67.3765.94
61Nigeria (Ebo)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm28.2041.86
62Nigeria (Yoruba)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm27.4039.62
63PakistanNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm52.3044.15
64Papua New GuineaSouthern hemisphereUpper inner arm35.3037.26
65Papua New Guinea (Goroka)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm33.3034.20
66Papua New Guinea (Karker)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm32.0037.25
67Papua New Guinea (Lufa)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm31.2036.88
68Papua New Guinea (Mount Hagan)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm35.3531.56
69Papua New Guinea (Port Moresby)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm41.0035.45
70Peru (Maranon)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm43.0542.28
71Peru (Nunoa)Southern hemisphereUpper inner arm47.7034.89
72Philippines (Manila)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm54.1041.53
73Russia (Chechen)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm53.4559.04
74Saudi ArabiaNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm52.5038.65
75South AfricaNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm42.5045.67
76South Africa (Cape)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm50.9650.71
77South Africa (Hottentot)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm46.8043.91
78South Africa (San Central)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm43.7541.14
79Spain (Basques)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm65.7062.38
80Spain (Leon)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm64.6660.80
81SudanNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm35.5033.45
82SwazilandNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm35.6044.62
83Tanzania (Nyatura)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm25.8034.12
84Tanzania (Sandewe)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm28.9032.13
85TunisiaNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm56.3052.03
86TurkeyNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm59.1555.56
87United Kingdom (Cumberland)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm66.7566.99
88United Kingdom (London)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm62.3065.84
89United Kingdom (Northern)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm66.1067.49
90United Kingdom (Wales)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm65.0066.15
91VietnamNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm55.9043.59
92ZaireNorthern hemisphereUpper inner arm33.2037.46
93Zaire (Konda)Northern hemisphereUpper inner arm29.4039.43

References

  1. Jablonski, N. G., and G. Chaplin (2000). "The evolution of human skin coloration" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 39 (1): 57–106. doi:10.1006/jhev.2000.0403. PMID 10896812. Retrieved 30 August 2017.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. J. A. Lourie (1973). "Physical characteristics of Yemenite and Kurdish Jews in Israel". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 266 (876): 101–112. Bibcode:1973RSPTB.266..101L. doi:10.1098/rstb.1973.0039. PMID 4148280. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  3. Sunderland, E., and Elizabeth Coope (1973). "Genetic studies in Jordan". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 266 (876): 207–220. Bibcode:1973RSPTB.266..207S. doi:10.1098/rstb.1973.0048. Retrieved 30 August 2017.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
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