Smile Train

Smile Train was created in 1998 by Brian Mullaney and Charles Wang, who had previously worked with Operation Smile, another charity focused on correcting cleft lips and palates.[4] They felt the most efficient way to provide cleft surgery was to train and support local doctors rather than to fly in Western doctors to provide surgeries in poor, developing countries.[4][5] Local doctors would also be able to provide care year-round rather than the limited engagements of the "mission-based" model.[4][5]

In 1999, Smile Train began providing corrective surgeries in China.[2] The charity worked with the then-American and Chinese presidents, George H.W. Bush and Jiang Zemin, in the planning of Smile Train's first operation in China.[6] As of 2013, the charity had provided approximately 300,000 corrective surgeries in partnership with 397 local hospitals within China.[2]

Smile Train began working in India in 2000.[7] In 2011, Aishwarya Rai, a Bollywood actress and former Miss World, became Smile Train's first goodwill ambassador.[8] By 2013, Smile Train was conducting 50,000 corrective surgeries in India annually.[9]

In 2006, Smile Train co-founded the Pan African Congress on Cleft Lip and Palate. The charity also funded the 2008 Pan African Anaesthesia Symposium.[10]

In October 2010, Smile Train experienced a major leadership change which included the departure of Mullaney and other top executives.[11][12]

Smile Train unveiled a new advertising campaign, "The Power of a Smile", in April 2014.[13] The campaign featured work from Kátia Lund and photojournalist Alex Webb, and coincided with the release of a new organizational logo.[13] That same month, Smile Train also held an event at the Barclays Center to celebrate its millionth cleft operation.[14]

In 1999, Smile Train approached Dr. Court B. Cutting of New York University's Virtual Research Laboratory to create training videos, which could be used to train local doctors on how to perform advanced cleft surgery techniques.[23] The 3D models used in the videos were based on the CT scan of two Chinese patients.[24] Smile Train distributes the DVDs to local doctors worldwide.[5][23] The DVDs are available in English, Spanish, and Mandarin.[25]

Smile Train later used the 3D models of the two Chinese patients to build the first 3D open access virtual surgical simulator, which teaches cleft palate and lip surgery to doctors in developing countries.[26] The simulator, which was created in partnership with BioDigital Systems, is web-based, open source and available for free.[26] It does not require any special hardware to use.[27] A mobile application is under development.[27] In September 2014, Smile Train showcased a 3D virtual surgery simulator at TEDMED 2014 in Washington, D.C.[28]

Smile Train maintains Smile Train Express (STX), an internet-based, digital patient record database.[6][25] STX enables Smile Train to have outside medical experts review patient records and quality of care.[5][6] The charity also boasts a large medical research library with more than 1,000 articles related to clefts accessible online for free.[29]

Smile Train helps the cause of cleft care through its funding of 1,000+ active partners representing nearly 1,200 hospitals and 2,300 partner surgeons in the world's poorest nations; through these local partnerships, the organization is able to provide free surgery for children any day of the year, with more than one million total surgeries performed as of 2016.[30]

In addition to partnerships with cleft care organizations, Smile Train has partnered with other individuals organizations in an effort to improve safety and quality at their partner hospitals, such as Dr. Atul Gawande, World Health Organization, World Federation of Societies of Anesthesiologists[31] and Lifebox.[32]

Smile Train has a number of corporate partnerships, including Artisanal Cheese,[33] Dubai Duty Free,[34] Estée Lauder, FedEx,[35] QBE[36] The Queens Flowers,[37] Mars Retail Group [38] and Vertu.[39][40] These partnerships, in addition to those in partnership with donors on grassroots efforts, serve to both raise money and spread awareness.

Current and former supporters include: Tatyana Ali,[41] John Bishop, Christie Brinkley,[42] Dean Cain,[43] Stephen Colbert, Kevin Connolly,[44] Walter Cronkite,[45] Erik Estrada,[46] Lucy Hale, Sammi Hanratty,[47] Rebecca Herbst,[48] Jane Kaczmarek,[49] Howie Mandel, Mary McCartney,[50] Reba McEntire,[51] Bette Midler, Jimmy Pardo,[52] General Colin Powell,[53] Aishwarya Rai Bachchan,[8] Carly Simon and Hilary Swank.[54]

In a 2008 New York Times article, economist Steven Levitt of Freakonomics fame indicated that the organization's model and its technological innovations "likely make Smile Train one of the most productive charities, dollar for deed, in the world."[55]

In 2008, Smile Train was the runner-up in the Health-Care IT category of the Wall Street Journal Technology Innovation Awards in recognition for their surgical technique training videos.[56] The Virtual Surgery Simulator was recognized in 2013 by the National Training Simulation Association (NTSA), a subsidiary of the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA), receiving an award in the "training" category.[57]

In 2009, the documentary Smile Pinki, which was sponsored by Smile Train and directed by Megan Mylan, won the 2008 Oscar for Best Documentary (Short Subject).[58] The film shows the story of a poor girl in rural India whose life is transformed when she receives free surgery to correct her cleft lip. Free copies of the film are available through Smile Train's website.[59] In 2013, the documentary Dzachuka’s Smile, which was co-produced by China Central Television Documentary Channel (CCTV) and Smile Train, received the Gold Panda Award for Best Documentary in Society for Asian Production at the 2013 Sichuan TV Festival. The documentary follows the Lamu Sisters’ efforts to help children with clefts living on the Dzachuka Plateau.[60]

In 2016, World Journal of Surgery published the comprehensive independent study "Economic Valuation of the Global Burden of Cleft Disease Averted by a Large Cleft Charity", which was conducted using data from 547,769 Smile Train patient records of primary cleft procedures (58 percent cleft lip repairs, 42 percent cleft palate repairs). The study measured the economic impact of cleft repair surgery over a ten-year period (2001–2011) and "[quantified] the burden of disease averted through the global surgical work of a large cleft charity". It concluded that for each $250 cleft repair surgery, as much as $50,000 is returned to the local economy as patients contribute to productivity. The total economic impact achieved as a result of their cleft repair surgeries in 83 countries between 2001 and 2011 amounts to as much as $27 billion.[61][62]

In 2008, Charity Watch criticized then-president Brian Mullaney's $420,209 salary and questioned the 2007 company's tax form, which said Mullaney's salary came from temporary restricted funds designed to go toward overhead.[63]

In 2009, Givewell could not assess the impact of Smile Train's activities based on the charity's 2008 tax form and other publicly accessible information.[64]

Smile Train Canada's charity status was revoked on July 4, 2015 after 6 years of operation by Canada's Charities Directorate for failure to allocate donations towards charity purposes, failure to carry out its charity work, failure to file accurate information and other serious deficiencies.[65]

The organizations key personnel are:[66]

• Charles B. Wang, founder and chairman, Smile Train
• Susannah Schaefer, executive vice chair and chief executive officer, Smile Train
• Robert T. Bell, executive director, Charles B. Wang International Foundation
• Michael J. Dowling, president and chief executive officer, Northwell Health[67]
• Ed Goren, founder and chief executive officer, Goren Media Group
• Arthur J. McCarthy, chief financial officer, NeuLion
• Roy E. Reichbach, general counsel, NeuLion
• Richard A. Ruderman, president and CEO, Krieger Ruderman & Co., LLC

Smile Train complies with the 20 Standards for Charity Accountability established by the Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance.[68] The alliance was developed to "assist donors in making sound giving decisions and to foster public confidence in charitable organizations".[69]

According to Smile Train's 2012 annual report, management and general expenses account for $1.9 million (1.2%) of total expenses.[70] $132.4 million (81.8%) went to program services and $27.6 million (17%) to fundraising.[70] Total support and revenue for 2012 was $175 million.[70]

• List of cleft lip and palate organisations
• List of non-governmental organizations in the People's Republic of China