St Patrick's College, Maynooth

The town of Maynooth, County Kildare, was the seat of the Fitzgeralds, Earls of Kildare. The ivy-covered tower attached to St Mary's Church of Ireland, is all that remains of the ancient college of St Mary of Maynooth which was founded and endowed by Gerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, and dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary.[3] On 7 October 1515 Henry VIII granted licence for the establishment of a College.[4] In 1518, the 9th Earl presented a petition to the Archbishop of Dublin, William Rokeby, for a license to found and endow a college at Maynooth: the College of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[5] In 1535 the college was suppressed and its endowments and lands confiscated as part of the Reformation.[6]

The present college was created in the 1790s against the background of the upheaval during the French Revolution and the gradual removal of the penal laws. The college was particularly intended to provide for the education of Catholic priests in Ireland, who until this Act had to go to continental Europe for their formation and theological education. Many were educated in France, and the church and government were concerned at the Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, and at the same time at the risk of revolutionary thinking arising from training in revolutionary France (with whom Britain was at war). Also relevant was the enactment of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 in Ireland in 1793.

The college was legally established on 5 June 1795 (35 Geo III, cap. 21) as The Royal College of St Patrick, by act of the Parliament of Ireland, to provide "for the better education of persons professing the popish or Roman Catholic religion". The college was originally established to provide a university education for Catholic lay and ecclesiastical students,[7] the lay college was based in Riverstown House on the south campus from 1802. With the opening of Clongowes Wood in 1814, the lay college (which had lay trustees)[8] was closed[9] and the college functioned solely as a Catholic seminary for almost 150 years.

Ireland's oldest tree, the Silken Thomas Yew, is 700–800 years old.

In 1800, John Butler, 12th Baron Dunboyne, died and left a substantial fortune to the college. Butler had been a Roman Catholic, and Bishop of Cork, who had embraced Protestantism in order to marry and guarantee the succession to his hereditary title. However, there were no children to his marriage and it was alleged that he had been reconciled to the Catholic Church at his death. Were this the case, a Penal Law demanded that the will was invalid and his wealth would pass to his family. Much litigation followed before a negotiated settlement in 1808 that led to the establishment of a Dunboyne scholarship fund.[10]

The land was donated by William FitzGerald, 2nd Duke of Leinster, who had argued in favour of Catholic Emancipation in the Irish House of Lords. He lived nearby at Carton and also at Leinster House. The building work was paid for by the British Government; parliament continued to give it an annual grant until the Irish Church Act 1869. When this law was passed the college received a capital sum of £369,000. The trustees invested 75% of this in mortgages to Irish landowners at a yield of 4.25% or 4.75% per annum. This would have been considered a secure investment at that time but agitation for land reform and the depression of the 1870s eroded this security. The largest single mortgage was granted to the Earl of Granard. Accumulated losses on these transactions reached £35,000 by 1906.[11]

The first building to go up on this site was designed by, and named after, John Stoyte; Stoyte House, which can still be seen from the entrance to the old campus, is a well-known building to Maynooth students and stands very close to the very historic Maynooth Castle. Over the next 15 years, the site at Maynooth underwent rapid construction so as to cater for the influx of new students, and the buildings which now border St Joseph's Square (to the rear of Stoyte House) were completed by 1824.

The Rev. Laurence F. Renehan (1797–1857), a noted antiquarian, church historian, and cleric, served as president of St Patrick's from 1845 until 1857. Under Renehan, many of the college's most important buildings were constructed by Augustus Pugin.[12]

Following the controversy regarding the Maynooth Grant, the college received a higher annual grant from the British Government, as well as a sum for repairs. In 1845, the British government under Robert Peel increased the annual grant to Maynooth College from £9,000 to £26,000, and provided a capital grant of £30,000 for building extensions again. However this was controversial as Roman Catholics saw it as a bribe, while most Protestants were not in favour of the government funding Roman Catholic education.[13][14] For example, the Anti-Maynooth Conference was hosted in London in May 1845 by Conservatives, evangelical Anglicans and the Protestant Association to campaign against the Maynooth Grant.[15]

As part of the Act on which Maynooth College was founded, students and trustees of the college were expected to take an Oath of Allegiance to the Crown.[16] Some clerical students did not attend since they objected pledging allegiance to the head of the Anglican church.

In 1909, Irish language activist and scholar Micheál Pádraig Ó hIcí (1860–1916) was dismissed from his position as Professor of Irish for his conduct in the controversy over Irish as a matriculation subject for the new National University of Ireland.[17] He was supported by such Maynooth figures as the college president, Daniel Mannix, and the Professor of Theology, Walter McDonald (1854–1920).

In An Linn Bhuí, the Irish language journal of Co Waterford, O'Hickey's home county, Mícheál Briody, lecturer at the Languages Centre, Helsinki University, Finland, says that O'Hickey was a prominent member of the Gaelic League and fiercely in favour of compulsory Irish for the new University of Ireland, whereas Mannix, then President of St Patrick's College, Maynooth, together with most of the Catholic bishops, was opposed. This was the cause of O'Hickey's sacking. Briody says that the senate of the new university, one year after O'Hickey's sacking, agreed to Irish being compulsory for matriculation and not long after that Mannix was posted as the Archbishop of Melbourne in Australia against his own will. Mannix, however, later became a strong supporter of Irish republicanism and something of a thorn in the side of the authorities both ecclesiastical and civil, in Australia as well as Britain.[18]

In 1876 the college became a constituent college of the Catholic University of Ireland, and later offered Royal University of Ireland degrees in arts and science. Even after the granting of the Pontifical Charter in 1896 the college became a recognised college of the National University of Ireland in 1910, and from this time its arts and science degrees were awarded by the National University of Ireland. However, during this time the Pontifical University of Maynooth continued to confer its degrees in theology, because until 1997 theology degrees were prohibited by the Royal University of Ireland and its successor the National University of Ireland.

In 1966 after a gap of nearly 150 years lay students again entered the college, these being the members of lay religious institutes, and in 1968 all laity were accepted; by 1977 they outnumbered religious students.

In 1997 the Universities Act, 1997[19] was passed by the Oireachtas. Chapter IX of the Act provided for the creation of the separate Maynooth University. This new university was created from the college's faculties of Arts, Celtic Studies and Philosophy, and Science.

In 1994, W. J. Smyth had been appointed to the position of Master of St Patrick's College Maynooth (NUI). In 1997 this position was converted into President of MU. After his 10-year term ended in 2004, he was replaced by John Hughes as president of Maynooth University and a new line of heads for the college.

By 2016 the number of trainees in the college dropped from several hundreds to just 40-60.[20][21] In August 2016 in was revealed that, due to frequent use of Grindr by college students, the Archbishop of Dublin Diarmuid Martin had decided to transfer the students from his diocese to the Irish Pontifical College in Rome.[21] According to Martin, "there are allegations on different sides", one of which of an "atmosphere that was growing in Maynooth" of a "homosexual, a gay culture, that students have been using an app called Grindr", which "would be fostering promiscuous sexuality, which is certainly not in any way the mature vision of sexuality one would expect a priest to understand".[20][21] Subsequently, the college trustees had ordered a review of the college's policy on social media use.[22]

• 1518 – Garret Óg Fitzgerald, Earl of Kildare, founded the College of St Mary, in Maynooth
• 1535 – College of St. Mary confiscated as part of Henry VIII's religious policies
• 1795 – The Royal College of St Patrick established on 5 June 1795 (35 Geo III, cap. 21)
• 1798 – United Irishmen Rebellion, out of 69 students, 18 were expelled for taking the Oath to the United Irishmen
• 1800 – Act of Union 1800 results in the transfer of Maynooth grant from Dublin to London
• 1800 – John Butler, 12th Baron Dunboyne died
• 1801 – First lay college suppressed
• 1802 – Second lay college opens in Riverstown Lodge
• 1804 – First Professor of Irish Appointed
• 1808 – Dunboyne Establishment case settled between the Maynooth Trustees and Butler family
• 1817 – Second lay college closed
• 1817 - Maynooth College Cemetery opened
• 1823 – Humanity House built (Junior House)[23]
• 1833 – Logic and Rhetoric house built (housing the Junior College)
• 1845 – Maynooth College Act 1845 (8 and 9 Vic., c.25), incorporation of the College of Maynooth with trustees, and Maynooth grant increased
• 1847 – The Great Famine
• 1849 – Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited. They stayed in Carton House.
• 1862 – Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown no longer compulsory for students and staff
• 1869–71 – Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland by the British parliament (promoted by Gladstone), Maynooth was disendowed, and the lay trustees left the board.[24]
• 1875 – Second National Synod held in Maynooth
• 1876 – Maynooth became a constituent college of the Catholic University of Ireland
• 1880 – Royal University of Ireland founded
• 1891 – College Chapel built by J. J. McCarthy opened
• 1895 – Centenary Celebrations
• 1896 – Maynooth granted Pontifical University status by Papal Charter from Pope Leo XIII
• 1903 – King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra visited the college on 24 July 1903
• 1908 – National University of Ireland founded
• 1909 – Royal University of Ireland dissolved
• 1910 – St. Patrick's College, Maynooth officially became a recognised college of the National University of Ireland
• 1911 – Coronation Visit of King George V to the Royal College of St Patrick, Maynooth[25]
• 1918 – Maynooth Mission to China founded
• 1927 – Synod Held in Maynooth
• 1937 – Department of Sociology founded; Peter McKevitt appointed Chair in Catholic Sociology and Catholic Action.[26]
• 1951 – Salamanca Archive of the Irish Colleges in Spain deposited in Maynooth[27]
• 1963 – Visit of HSH Prince Rainier & Princess Grace of Monaco to the College and College Chapel
• 1965 – Divine Word Missionaries Theology students sent to Maynooth[28]
• 1966 – Lay students in religious orders admitted
• 1968 – All lay students admitted
• 1968 - Music Department founded[29]
• 1969 – Divine Word Missionaries House opened in Maynooth[28]
• 1970 – Department of Biology founded as part of the Faculty of Science
• 1971 – Maynooth Language Centre founded
• 1972 – Society of African Missions seminarians transferred from Dromantine House to Maynooth[30]
• 1975 – Centre for Adult and Community Education established
• 1976 – Higher Education Central Applications Office (CAO) founded
• 1979 – Visit of Pope John Paul II
• 1979 – BA in Theology with Arts commences[31]
• 1980 – Divine Word Missionaries Philosophy students move to Maynooth[28]
• 1981 – Publication of An Bíobla Naofa, the first complete Irish Language version of The Bible
• 1983 – Department of Anthropology established
• 1984 – Opening of St. John Paul II Library
• 1986 – Visit of King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia of Spain, viewing Salamanca Archive and College Chapel
• 1987 – Department of Computer Science founded as part of the Faculty of Science
• 1994 – Position of Master of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth (NUI) established
• 1995 – Bicentenary Celebrations
• 1996 – National Centre for Liturgy moves to Maynooth from Carlow College.[32]
• 1996 – Third level fees abolished by the Irish Government
• 1997 – Maynooth University founded from the faculties of Science, Arts and Celtic studies, with the faculties of Philosophy, Canon Law and Theology remaining as St. Patrick's College, degrees awarded by the Pontifical University.
• 2001 – Clonliffe College closed as a seminary with students transferred to Maynooth
• 2002 – St. Patrick's College, Thurles closed as a seminary with students transferred to Maynooth
• 2011 – Alignment of all Pontifical University of Maynooth academic awards with the National Framework of Qualifications by the NQAI.[33]
• 2012 – Opening of the extension to the John Paul II Library in Maynooth
• 2013 – Diploma in Catholic Education commences in association with University of Notre Dame and Maynooth University.[34]

Prior to the establishment of the college, students for the diocesan priesthood had to travel to the European mainland, to one of the many Irish colleges based principally in France, Spain, and the Low Countries. The continental background of early members of staff, some of whom were native French refugees from the French Revolution, is reflected in the Library's holdings. A large proportion of the 22,000 pre-1850 books were published abroad.[40] Several professors and eminent churchmen were great collectors, and their collections ultimately came to the Library. At the beginning, the Library was small and there were no text books for the students. Many professors decided to go into print and to write their own, having their students subscribe in advance. Printing by subscription was a common practice and the subscription lists still show the names of students and staff from this early period in the college's history.[40]

When the annual grant received by the college was increased threefold in 1845, the president at the time, Laurence Renehan, started much needed renovations.[40] Augustus Welby Pugin was brought in to design new buildings, which included a library with high gothic windows and an open timbered roof, completed in 1861. The tall wooden stacks and long center tables hardly changed for over a century, and daylight was considered sufficient to work by until 1970, when electric lighting was finally introduced.[40] It now houses the pre-1850 books and manuscripts and is known as the Russell Library. It is home to a fine collection of Gaelic manuscripts, as well as non-Gaelic manuscripts that are largely the literary contributions of staff and students. When the last Irish college in Spain (Salamanca) closed in 1951, the archives were transferred to Maynooth. These included documents from other Irish colleges (Alcalá, Santiago, and Seville) and administrative records dating back to the end of the sixteenth century.[40] The Russell Library housed two-thirds of the book stock and most readers until 1984.

Prior to October 1984, the Library of Maynooth College occupied eight locations. Two of these had been principal locations: the Main Library, located in the building complex built by Pugin for the Seminary in the mid-nineteenth century, and the New Arts Library in the new campus, created in the middle of the twentieth century.[40] A shortage of space in the Library and the lack of modern facilities led the college and its then President Monsignor Olden to build a new library from donations in Ireland and abroad, mainly the United States.[40] The foundation stone of the new building was blessed by Pope John Paul II during his visit to Ireland in 1979 and in 1983 the John Paul II Library opened its doors. The former eight locations were reduced to three: the old "Main Library" became, in 1984, the Russell Library for old and rare books and manuscripts, the new John Paul II Library became the main working academic library, and a separate Chemistry Store for a surfeit of chemistry periodicals.[40] In November 2010, the construction of an extension to the existing library began, which opened in 2012. It incorporated the former Chemistry Store, thus reducing the library locations to two.[41]

The museum in Maynooth College established in 1934 contains many items from the college's history, including ecclesiastical artifacts and scientific apparatus such as that of the physicist Nicholas Callan.[42] Nicholas Callan figure in the study of electromagnetism, inventing the induction coil and Maynooth Battery. Callan is buried in the college grounds. Apparatus associated with telegraphy, notably items used by Marconi are also stored in the Museum.

Up to 120 further students are registered on courses validated by the college including permanent diaconate programmes and partnership programmes with the National Liturgy Institute,[51] Dominican Biblical Institute Limerick, St. Patrick's College, Thurles, ACCORD, Kairos Communications and others. The Diploma in Spirituality is run at the Manresa Jesuit Centre of Spirituality in Dublin.[52]

St. Patrick's College, Maynooth accredits a number of certificate courses at the MU Kilkenny Campus at St. Kieran's College, 2011 saw the commencement of a Certificate in Theological Studies[53] in association with the Catholic Diocese of Ossory.[54] Since 2010 at the Kilkenny campus a Certificate in Christian Studies[55] for lay Anglicans, in association with the Church of Ireland Diocese of Cashel and Ossory has also been accredited.[56] In 2018 the Certificate in Christian Studies was run in the Anglican Diocese of Cork, Ross and Cloyne.[57] St. Patrick's College, Maynooth also teaches the Theology modules in St. Kieran's as part of the NUIM BA programme, and can progress to a BA Th from the Pontifical University.

Maynooth (Pontifical University) also accredits an undergraduate BTh degree[58] and postgraduate MTh degree[59] in Carmelite Studies for the Carmelite Institute of Britain and Ireland.

In September 2017, Maynooth began offering a joint distance learning Licentiate in Canon Law (JCL) and joint civil masters in canon law with Saint Paul University, Ottawa, Canada.

The graduation ceremony for the conferral of Pontifical University degrees normally takes place on the first Saturday after the October Reading Week each year in the college chapel.

One of the major events in the college calendar is the annual Christmas carol service in the college chapel. Started in 1969, this is a now a joint event between the two universities and seminary.[60]

Every year open days are held in conjunction with Maynooth University, when students can view the facilities of the common campus, student services and see what courses are available at both institutions.

The college hosts a number of public lectures, often with international speakers invited, The Michael Devlin Lecture, The Trocaire Lecture(in association with Trocaire), The Newman Lecture (in association with NUIM and An Foras Feasa), Thomas Gilmartin Lecture and The Corish Lecture.