Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics

The swimming competitions at the 2008 Summer Olympics took place from 9 to 17 August 2008 at the Beijing National Aquatics Centre. The newly introduced open water marathon events (10 km) were held on 20 and 21 August 2008 at Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park.[1]

Swimming
at the Games of the XXIX Olympiad
Pictogram for swimming at the 2008 Games
VenueBeijing National Aquatics Centre (pool)
Shunyi Olympic Rowing-Canoeing Park (open water)
Dates9–17 August 2008 (pool)
20–21 August 2008 (open water)
Competitors1,026 from 162 nations

Swimming featured 34 events (17 male, 17 female), including two 10 km open-water marathons. The remaining 32 were contested in a 50 m long course pool within the Olympic Park.

The United States claimed a total of 31 medals (12 golds, 9 silver, and 10 bronze) in the leaderboard to maintain its standings as the most successful nation in swimming.[2] A stellar performance in the pool also made an Olympic history for Michael Phelps, who captured eight gold medals to break Mark Spitz's 1972 record, a total of seven, at a single Games.[3][4] Despite the male swimmers failing to attain a single gold in swimming, Australia managed to repeat a second-place effort on its third consecutive Olympics with 20 medals (six golds, six silver, and eight bronze).[2] Meanwhile, Great Britain finished third with a total of six medals by the benefit of a sterling long-distance freestyle double from Rebecca Adlington.[4]

A total of 25 world records and 65 Olympic records were set during the competition.

Venue

All the swimming, synchronized swimming, and diving events of the 2008 Olympics were held at the Beijing National Aquatics Center (better known as the "Water Cube"), which was claimed to be built to increase the speed of the swimmers.[5] The main pool is about 10 feet (3.0 m) deep, 3 feet (0.91 m) deeper than any other Olympic pool.[5] The lane lines, nicknamed "wave eaters", buffer the waves produced by swimmers while they stroke.[5] The technological advances of the pool were enhanced by several advantages inherent to an indoor swimming venue, namely: temperature, humidity and lighting control. Even the wide decks were built to help give the swimmers a sense of space.[5]

Events

The swimming program for 2008 was expanded from 2004, with the addition of the 10 km marathon open water swimming events, bringing the total number of events to 34 (17 each for men and women). The following events were contested (all pool events were long course, and distances are in metres unless stated):[6]

Schedule

Unlike the previous Olympics, swimming program schedule occurred in two segments. For the pool events, prelims were held in the evening, with semifinals and final in the following morning session, spanning a day between semifinals and finals in those events with semifinals. The shift of the normal morning prelims and evening finals (to evening prelims and morning finals) occurred for these Games because of the prior request made by US broadcaster NBC (due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible; NBC agreed to a $7.75 billion contract extension on May 7, 2014, to air the Olympics through the 2032 games,[7] is also one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC),[8] so that the finals from the event could be shown live in the United States.[9][10]

Legend
HHeats½SemifinalsFFinal
Men[10]
Date →Aug 9Aug 10Aug 11Aug 12Aug 13Aug 14Aug 15Aug 16Aug 17Aug 21
Event ↓MEMEMEMEMEMEMEMEMEME
50 m freestyleH½F
100 m freestyleH½F
200 m freestyleH½F
400 m freestyleHF
1500 m freestyleHF
100 m backstrokeH½F
200 m backstrokeH½F
100 m breaststrokeH½F
200 m breaststrokeH½F
100 m butterflyH½F
200 m butterflyH½F
200 m individual medleyH½F
400 m individual medleyHF
4×100 m freestyle relayHF
4×200 m freestyle relayHF
4×100 m medley relayHF
10 km open waterF
Women[10]
Date →Aug 9Aug 10Aug 11Aug 12Aug 13Aug 14Aug 15Aug 16Aug 17Aug 20
Event ↓MEMEMEMEMEMEMEMEMEME
50 m freestyleH½F
100 m freestyleH½F
200 m freestyleH½F
400 m freestyleHF
800 m freestyleHF
100 m backstrokeH½F
200 m backstrokeH½F
100 m breaststrokeH½F
200 m breaststrokeH½F
100 m butterflyH½F
200 m butterflyH½F
200 m individual medleyH½F
400 m individual medleyHF
4×100 m freestyle relayHF
4×200 m freestyle relayHF
4×100 m medley relayHF
10 km open waterF

Qualification

A National Olympic Committee (NOC) may enter up to 2 qualified athletes in each individual event if both meet the A standard, or 1 athlete per event if they meet the B standard. An NOC may also enter a maximum of 1 qualified relay team per event. NOCs may enter swimmers regardless of time (1 swimmer per sex) if they have no swimmers meeting qualifying B standard.[11]

Participating nations

A total of 1,026 swimmers (571 men and 455 women) from 162 nations would compete in swimming events at these Olympic Games. American Samoa, Botswana, Comoros, Congo Democratic Republic, Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, and Tanzania made their official debut in swimming. Meanwhile, Belgium, Dominican Republic, Kuwait, Netherlands Antilles, and Tajikistan returned to the sport after an eight-year absence. Nations with swimmers at the Games are (team size in parentheses):

Medal summary

Medal table

Michael Phelps holding his gold medal from the 4x100 relay

Retrieved from 2008 NBC Olympics website.[12]

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States (USA)1291031
2 Australia (AUS)66820
3 Great Britain (GBR)2226
4 Japan (JPN)2035
5 Germany (GER)2013
6 Netherlands (NED)2002
7 China (CHN)1326
8 Zimbabwe (ZIM)1304
9 France (FRA)1236
10 Russia (RUS)1124
11 Italy (ITA)1102
 South Korea (KOR)1102
13 Brazil (BRA)1012
14 Tunisia (TUN)1001
15 Hungary (HUN)0303
16 Norway (NOR)0112
17 Serbia (SRB)0101
 Slovenia (SLO)0101
19 Austria (AUT)0011
 Canada (CAN)0011
 Denmark (DEN)0011
Totals (21 nations)343436104

Men's events

Event Gold Silver Bronze
50 m freestyle
César Cielo
 Brazil
21.30 OR, AM Amaury Leveaux
 France
21.45 Alain Bernard
 France
21.49
100 m freestyle
Alain Bernard
 France
47.21 Eamon Sullivan
 Australia
47.32 Jason Lezak
 United States
César Cielo
 Brazil
47.67
200 m freestyle
Michael Phelps
 United States
1:42.96 WR Park Tae-hwan
 South Korea
1:44.85 AS Peter Vanderkaay
 United States
1:45.14
400 m freestyle
Park Tae-hwan
 South Korea
3:41.86 AS Zhang Lin
 China
3:42.44 Larsen Jensen
 United States
3:42.78 AM
1500 m freestyle
Oussama Mellouli
 Tunisia
14:40.84 AF Grant Hackett
 Australia
14:41.53 Ryan Cochrane
 Canada
14.42.69
100 m backstroke
Aaron Peirsol
 United States
52.54 WR Matt Grevers
 United States
53.11 Arkady Vyatchanin
 Russia
Hayden Stoeckel
 Australia
53.18
200 m backstroke
Ryan Lochte
 United States
1:53.94 WR Aaron Peirsol
 United States
1:54.33 Arkady Vyatchanin
 Russia
1:54.93 EU
100 m breaststroke
Kosuke Kitajima
 Japan
58.91 WR Alexander Dale Oen
 Norway
59.20 Hugues Duboscq
 France
59.37
200 m breaststroke
Kosuke Kitajima
 Japan
2:07.64 OR Brenton Rickard
 Australia
2:08.88 OC Hugues Duboscq
 France
2:08.94
100 m butterfly
Michael Phelps
 United States
50.58 OR Milorad Čavić
 Serbia
50.59 Andrew Lauterstein
 Australia
51.12
200 m butterfly
Michael Phelps
 United States
1:52.03 WR László Cseh
 Hungary
1:52.70 EU Takeshi Matsuda
 Japan
1:52.97 AS
200 m individual medley
Michael Phelps
 United States
1:54.23 WR László Cseh
 Hungary
1:56.52 EU Ryan Lochte
 United States
1:56.53
400 m individual medley
Michael Phelps
 United States
4:03.84 WR László Cseh
 Hungary
4:06.16 EU Ryan Lochte
 United States
4:08.09
4 × 100 m freestyle relay
 United States
Michael Phelps
Garrett Weber-Gale
Cullen Jones
Jason Lezak
Nathan Adrian*
Ben Wildman-Tobriner*
Matt Grevers*
3:08.24 WR  France
Amaury Leveaux
Fabien Gilot
Frédérick Bousquet
Alain Bernard
Grégory Mallet*
Boris Steimetz*
3:08.32 EU  Australia
Eamon Sullivan
Andrew Lauterstein
Ashley Callus
Matt Targett
Leith Brodie*
Patrick Murphy*
3:09.91 OC
4 × 200 m freestyle relay
 United States
Michael Phelps
Ryan Lochte
Ricky Berens
Peter Vanderkaay
Klete Keller*
Erik Vendt*
David Walters*
6:58.56 WR  Russia
Nikita Lobintsev
Yevgeny Lagunov
Danila Izotov
Alexander Sukhorukov
Mikhail Polishchuk*
7:03.70 EU  Australia
Patrick Murphy
Grant Hackett
Grant Brits
Nic Ffrost
Leith Brodie*
Kirk Palmer*
7:04.98
4 × 100 m medley relay
 United States
Aaron Peirsol
Brendan Hansen
Michael Phelps
Jason Lezak
Matt Grevers*
Mark Gangloff*
Ian Crocker*
Garrett Weber-Gale*
3:29.34 WR  Australia
Hayden Stoeckel
Brenton Rickard
Andrew Lauterstein
Eamon Sullivan
Ashley Delaney*
Christian Sprenger*
Adam Pine*
Matt Targett*
3:30.04 OC  Japan
Junichi Miyashita
Kosuke Kitajima
Takuro Fujii
Hisayoshi Sato
3:31.18 AS
10 km open water
Maarten van der Weijden
 Netherlands
1:51:51.6 David Davies
 Great Britain
1:51:53.1 Thomas Lurz
 Germany
1:51:53.6

* Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

Women's events

Event Gold Silver Bronze
50 m freestyle
Britta Steffen
 Germany
24.06 OR, EU Dara Torres
 United States
24.07 AM Cate Campbell
 Australia
24.17
100 m freestyle
Britta Steffen
 Germany
53.12 OR Lisbeth Trickett
 Australia
53.16 Natalie Coughlin
 United States
53.39 AM
200 m freestyle
Federica Pellegrini
 Italy
1:54.82 WR Sara Isaković
 Slovenia
1:54.97 Pang Jiaying
 China
1:55.05 AS
400 m freestyle
Rebecca Adlington
 Great Britain
4:03.22 Katie Hoff
 United States
4:03.29 Joanne Jackson
 Great Britain
4:03.52
800 m freestyle
Rebecca Adlington
 Great Britain
8:14.10 WR Alessia Filippi
 Italy
8:20.23 Lotte Friis
 Denmark
8:23.03
100 m backstroke
Natalie Coughlin
 United States
58.96 Kirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
59.19 Margaret Hoelzer
 United States
59.34
200 m backstroke
Kirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
2:05.24 WR Margaret Hoelzer
 United States
2:06.23 Reiko Nakamura
 Japan
2:07.13 AS
100 m breaststroke
Leisel Jones
 Australia
1:05.17 OR Rebecca Soni
 United States
1:06.73 Mirna Jukić
 Austria
1:07.34
200 m breaststroke
Rebecca Soni
 United States
2:20.22 WR Leisel Jones
 Australia
2:22.05 Sara Nordenstam
 Norway
2:23.02 EU
100 m butterfly
Lisbeth Trickett
 Australia
56.73 OC Christine Magnuson
 United States
57.10 Jessicah Schipper
 Australia
57.25
200 m butterfly
Liu Zige
 China
2:04.18 WR Jiao Liuyang
 China
2:04.72 Jessicah Schipper
 Australia
2:06.26
200 m individual medley
Stephanie Rice
 Australia
2:08.45 WR Kirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
2:08.59 AF Natalie Coughlin
 United States
2:10.34
400 m individual medley
Stephanie Rice
 Australia
4:29.45 WR Kirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
4:29.89 AF Katie Hoff
 United States
4:31.71
4 × 100 m freestyle relay
 Netherlands
Inge Dekker
Ranomi Kromowidjojo
Femke Heemskerk
Marleen Veldhuis
Hinkelien Schreuder*
Manon van Rooijen*
3:33.76 OR  United States
Natalie Coughlin
Lacey Nymeyer
Kara Lynn Joyce
Dara Torres
Emily Silver*
Julia Smit*
3:34.33 AM  Australia
Cate Campbell
Alice Mills
Melanie Schlanger
Lisbeth Trickett
Shayne Reese*
3:35.05 OC
4 × 200 m freestyle relay
 Australia
Stephanie Rice
Bronte Barratt
Kylie Palmer
Linda Mackenzie
Lara Davenport*
Felicity Galvez*
Angie Bainbridge*
Melanie Schlanger*
7:44.31 WR  China
Yang Yu
Zhu Qianwei
Tan Miao
Pang Jiaying
Tang Jingzhi*
7:45.93 AS  United States
Allison Schmitt
Natalie Coughlin
Caroline Burckle
Katie Hoff
Christine Marshall*
Kim Vandenberg*
Julia Smit*
7:46.33 AM
4 × 100 m medley relay
 Australia
Emily Seebohm
Leisel Jones
Jessicah Schipper
Lisbeth Trickett
Tarnee White*
Felicity Galvez*
Shayne Reese*
3:52.69 WR  United States
Natalie Coughlin
Rebecca Soni
Christine Magnuson
Dara Torres
Margaret Hoelzer*
Megan Jendrick*
Elaine Breeden*
Kara Lynn Joyce*
3:53.30 AM  China
Zhao Jing
Sun Ye
Zhou Yafei
Pang Jiaying
Xu Tianlongzi*
3:56.11 AS
10 km open water
Larisa Ilchenko
 Russia
1:59:27.7 Keri-Anne Payne
 Great Britain
1:59:29.2 Cassandra Patten
 Great Britain
1:59:31.0

* Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

Olympic and world records broken

At the 2008 Summer Olympics, new world records were set 25 times (affecting 21 distinct world records) and new Olympic records were set 65 times and one other was equalled (affecting 30 distinct Olympic records).[13] Only Ian Thorpe's 3:40.59 in the 400 metres freestyle and Inge de Bruijn's 56.61 in the 100 metres butterfly, both set in Sydney, remained Olympic records. Michael Phelps of the United States also broke the record for the most gold medals ever won by an Olympian with a total of 14; 8 of which were won during the 2008 Summer Olympics - this was also a world record.

Men

EventDateRoundNameNationalityTimeRecordDay
Men's 100 m breaststrokeAugust 9Heat 7Alexander Dale Oen Norway59.41OR1
Men's 400 m individual medleyAugust 9Heat 4Michael Phelps United States4:07.82OR1
Men's 100 m backstrokeAugust 10Heat 4Matt Grevers United States53.41OR2
Men's 100 m breaststrokeAugust 10Semifinal 2Alexander Dale Oen Norway59.16OR2
Men's 400 m individual medleyAugust 10FinalMichael Phelps United States4:03.84WR2
Men's 4 × 100 m freestyle relayAugust 10Heat 1Nathan Adrian (48.82)
Cullen Jones (47.61)
Ben Wildman-Tobriner (48.03)
Matt Grevers (47.77)
 United States3:12.23WR2
Men's 100 m freestyleAugust 10Heat 1 leadoff*Amaury Leveaux France47.76OR2
Men's 100 m backstrokeAugust 11Semifinal 1Arkady Vyatchanin Russia53.06OR3
Men's 100 m backstrokeAugust 11Semifinal 2Hayden Stoeckel Australia52.97OR3
Men's 100 m breaststrokeAugust 11FinalKosuke Kitajima Japan58.91WR3
Men's 200 m butterflyAugust 11Heat 6Michael Phelps United States1:53.70OR3
Men's 4 × 100 m freestyle relayAugust 11FinalMichael Phelps (47.51)
Garrett Weber-Gale (47.02)
Cullen Jones (47.65)
Jason Lezak (46.06)
 United States3:08.24WR3
Men's 100 m freestyleAugust 11Final leadoff*Eamon Sullivan Australia47.24WR3
Men's 200 m freestyleAugust 12FinalMichael Phelps United States1:42.96WR4
Men's 100 m backstrokeAugust 12FinalAaron Peirsol United States52.54WR4
Men's 200 m breaststrokeAugust 12Heat 5Paolo Bossini Italy2:08.98OR4
Men's 200 m breaststrokeAugust 12Heat 7Dániel Gyurta Hungary2:08.68OR4
Men's 200 m butterflyAugust 12Semifinal 2Michael Phelps United States1:53.70OR4
Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relayAugust 12Heat 2David Walters (1:46.57)
Ricky Berens (1:45.47)
Erik Vendt (1:47.11)
Klete Keller (1:45.51)
 United States7:04.66OR4
Men's 100 m freestyleAugust 13Semifinal 1Alain Bernard France47.20WR5
Men's 100 m freestyleAugust 13Semifinal 2Eamon Sullivan Australia47.05WR5
Men's 200 m breaststrokeAugust 13Semifinal 1Kosuke Kitajima Japan2:08.61OR5
Men's 200 m butterflyAugust 13FinalMichael Phelps United States1:52.03WR5
Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relayAugust 13FinalMichael Phelps (1:43.31)
Ryan Lochte (1:44.28)
Ricky Berens (1:46.29)
Peter Vanderkaay (1:44.68)
 United States6:58.56WR5
Men's 50 m freestyleAugust 14Heat 11César Cielo Brazil21.47OR6
Men's 50 m freestyleAugust 14Heat 12Amaury Leveaux France21.46OR6
Men's 100 m butterflyAugust 14Heat 7Jason Dunford Kenya51.14OR6
Men's 100 m butterflyAugust 14Heat 9Milorad Čavić Serbia50.76OR6
Men's 50 m freestyleAugust 15Semifinal 1César Cielo Brazil21.34OR7
Men's 1500 m freestyleAugust 15Heat 3Ryan Cochrane Canada14:40.84OR7
Men's 1500 m freestyleAugust 15Heat 5Grant Hackett Australia14:38.92OR7
Men's 200 m backstrokeAugust 15FinalRyan Lochte United States1:53.94WR7
Men's 200 m individual medleyAugust 15FinalMichael Phelps United States1:54.23WR7
Men's 50 m freestyleAugust 16FinalCésar Cielo Brazil21.30OR8
Men's 100 m butterflyAugust 16FinalMichael Phelps United States50.58OR8
Men's 4 × 100 m medley relayAugust 17FinalAaron Peirsol (53.16)
Brendan Hansen (59.27)
Michael Phelps (50.15)
Jason Lezak (46.76)
 United States3:29.34WR9

* World record split from the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay

Note: At the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay final, anchor Jason Lezak swam the fastest 100 m split (46.06); however, this is not considered an official FINA record, as he did not swim the first leg.

Women

EventDateRoundNameNationalityTimeRecordDay
Women's 400 m freestyleAugust 10Heat 5Katie Hoff United States4:03.71OR2
Women's 400 m freestyleAugust 10Heat 6Federica Pellegrini Italy4:02.19OR2
Women's 100 m backstrokeAugust 10Heat 5Anastasia Zuyeva Russia59.61OR2
Women's 100 m backstrokeAugust 10Heat 6Reiko Nakamura Japan59.36OR2
Women's 100 m backstrokeAugust 10Heat 7Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe59.00OR2
Women's 100 m breaststrokeAugust 10Heat 7Leisel Jones Australia1:05.64OR2
Women's 400 m individual medleyAugust 10FinalStephanie Rice Australia4:29.45WR2
Women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relayAugust 10FinalInge Dekker (54.37)
Ranomi Kromowidjojo (53.39)
Femke Heemskerk (53.42)
Marleen Veldhuis (52.58)
 Netherlands3:33.76OR2
Women's 100 m freestyleAugust 10Final leadoff*Britta Steffen Germany53.38OR2
Women's 200 m freestyleAugust 11Heat 4Pang Jiaying China1:57.37OR3
Women's 200 m freestyleAugust 11Heat 5Sara Isaković Slovenia1:55.86OR3
Women's 200 m freestyleAugust 11Heat 6Federica Pellegrini Italy1:55.45WR3
Women's 100 m backstrokeAugust 11Semifinal 2Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe58.77WR3
Women's 100 m breaststrokeAugust 12FinalLeisel Jones Australia1:05.17OR4
Women's 200 m individual medleyAugust 12Semifinal 1Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe2:09.53OR4
Women's 200 m freestyleAugust 13FinalFederica Pellegrini Italy1:54.82WR5
Women's 200 m breaststrokeAugust 13Heat 5Rebecca Soni United States2:22.17OR5
Women's 200 m individual medleyAugust 13FinalStephanie Rice Australia2:08.45OR5
Women's 4 × 200 m freestyle relayAugust 13Heat 1Alena Popchanka (1:58.27)
Céline Couderc (1:58.92)
Camille Muffat (1:57.32)
Coralie Balmy (1:55.86)
 France7:50.37OR5
Women's 800 m freestyleAugust 14Heat 4Rebecca Adlington Great Britain8:18.06OR6
Women's 200 m backstrokeAugust 14Heat 4Kirsty Coventry Zimbabwe2:06.76OR6
Women's 200 m butterflyAugust 14FinalLiu Zige China2:04.18WR6
Women's 4 × 200 m freestyle relayAugust 14FinalStephanie Rice (1:56.60)
Bronte Barratt (1:56.58)
Kylie Palmer (1:55.22)
Linda Mackenzie (1:55.91)
 Australia7:44.31WR6
Women's 100 m freestyleAugust 15FinalBritta Steffen Germany53.12OR7
Women's 200 m breaststrokeAugust 15FinalRebecca Soni United States2:20.22WR7
Women's 800 m freestyleAugust 16FinalRebecca Adlington Great Britain8:14.10WR8
Women's 200 m backstrokeAugust 16FinalKirsty Coventry Zimbabwe2:05.24WR8
Women's 50 m freestyleAugust 17FinalBritta Steffen Germany24.06OR9
Women's 4 × 100 m medley relayAugust 17FinalEmily Seebohm (59.33)
Leisel Jones (1:04.58)
Jessicah Schipper (56.25)
Lisbeth Trickett (52.53)
 Australia3:52.69WR9

LZR Racer suits

Another big change to swimming occurred when Speedo launched the LZR Racer swim suits on February 13, 2008. The suits, developed by the Australian Institute of Sport,[14] were designed to repel water, allow oxygen to flow to the muscles, and hold the body in a more hydrodynamic position.[15][16] The suits had been proven to give the swimmer a lower time by 1.9 to 2.2%.[17] Due to the advantage provided by the suits, some swimmers complained about the fairness in its use, because some people used multiple swimsuits to improve buoyancy and compressing of body;[18] the official blog for the National Collegiate Athletic Association pondered whether they were "technology doping" and what was the difference between gaining advantage from a swimsuit and gaining advantage from performance-enhancing drugs.[17] In response to these complaints, the International Swimming Federation (FINA) scheduled a meeting with Speedo to discuss the suits.[18] After the meeting, FINA dismissed the claims of cheating, and endorsed the suits for future swimming meets.[18] By August 14, 2008, 62 world records had been broken by swimmers wearing the LZR Racer.[19][16]

See also

References

  1. "BBC 2008 Olympic Coverage: Swimming". BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  2. Staff (18 August 2008). "Recap: Phelps eight golds more than any other country". Beijing 2008. NBC Olympics. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  3. "Phelps claims Olympic-record eighth gold medal with relay win". Sports Illustrated. CNN. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
  4. "Phelps wins historic eighth gold". BBC Sport. 17 August 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  5. "China's Olympic Swimming Pool: Redefining Fast". National Public Radio. 10 August 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  6. "Olympic Swimming Schedule". FINA. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  7. "Olympics on NBC through 2032". USA Today. Gannett Company. May 7, 2014.
  8. "Fewer Russians Could Be a Windfall for U.S. Olympic Business". The New York Times. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  9. Longman, Jeré (12 February 2018). "For Olympic Figure Skaters, a New Meaning to Morning Routine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  10. "Swimming: Results and Schedule". Beijing 2008. NBC Olympics. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  11. "FINA – Swimming" (PDF). FINA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  12. "Swimming: 200 Medal Standings by Nation". Beijing 2008. NBC Olympics. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  13. "Swimming records broken by record type". Beijing 2008 Official Site. 17 August 2008. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
  14. "Engineering the world's fastest swimsuit". Physorg. 28 February 2008. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  15. "Japanese search for new swimsuits". BBC News. 9 June 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  16. Roberts, Jacob (2017). "Winning Skin". Distillations. 2 (4): 8–15. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  17. "Celebrity Rules as the Olympics strays far from its ideal". The Japan Times. 10 August 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  18. "Speedo LZR Racer Swimsuit Spawns Copycats and Controversy". Gizmodo. 14 April 2008. Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2008.
  19. Thurow, Roger (14 August 2008). "Fast Times". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
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