Tamron

Tamron Co., Ltd. (株式会社タムロン, Kabushiki-gaisha Tamuron) is a Japanese company manufacturing photographic lenses, optical components and commercial/industrial-use optics. Tamron Headquarters is located in Saitama City in the Saitama Prefecture of Japan.

For other uses, see Tamron (disambiguation).
Tamron Co., Ltd.
Native name
株式会社タムロン
Tamron Co., Ltd.
TypeKabushiki Kaisha
TYO: 7740
IndustryImaging
FoundedSaitama, Japan (November 1, 1950)
HeadquartersSaitama, Japan,
Japan
Key people
Shiro Ajisaka, President & CEO
ProductsPhotographic lenses, optical components for cameras, commercial/industrial use optics
Revenue 63,285 million Yen (FY2019)
Number of employees
4,640 (as of December 31, 2017)[1]
Websitewww.tamron.co.jp/en
Tamron head office in Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan

The name of the company came from the surname of Uhyoue Tamura who was instrumental in developing Tamron's optical technologies. It was only on the company's 20th anniversary that the name was changed to Tamron (from Taisei Optical).[1]

Sony Corporation maintains a 12.07% share hold in Tamron, making it the second-largest shareholder below New Well Co., Ltd (ニューウェル株式会社) with 18.89% (as of June 30, 2020).[2] In the fiscal year ending 31 December 2017, net sales totaled 60.496 billion yen and operating income was 4.24 billion yen, up 79.8% from 2016. At that time, the consolidated company had 4,640 employees and five production plants: in Hirosaki, Namioka and Owani in Japan, and one in China and Viet Nam, respectively. Subsidiary companies were located in the U.S., Germany, France, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Moscow and Haryana, India.[1]

History

  • 1950 November – Taisei Optical Manufacturing Company founded, to manufacture lenses for cameras and binoculars.
  • 1952 October – Taisei Optical Industries established with a capital of 2.5 million yen.
  • 1958 – ‘Tamron’ trademark registered.
  • 1970 April – Trade name changed to Tamron Co., Ltd.
  • 1979 April – Tamron Industries, Inc. (presently Tamron USA, Inc.) established in New York City.
  • 1982 September – Tamron Vertriebs GmbH established in Germany.
  • 1984 February – Optech Tamron Co., Ltd. is established in Namioka, Aomori Prefecture.
  • 1984 August – Shares listed with Japan Securities Dealers Association (currently JASDAQ) in Tokyo for over-the-counter transactions.
  • 1985 December – Tamron Fine Giken Co., Ltd., a plant for making precision metal molds is established.
  • 1986 January – Injection molding plant is established in Owani, Aomori.
  • 1991 June – Optech Tamron Co., Ltd., is absorbed by Tamron Co., Ltd.
  • 1995 February – Tamron acquires 75% capital of Bronica Co., Ltd., entering into the medium-format camera business
  • 1995 April – Tamron (UK) Ltd. is established in the U.K.
  • 1997 May – Tamron Industries (Hong Kong) is established in Hong Kong.
  • 1997 July – Tamron Optical (Foshan) Co., Ltd. is established in Foshan, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China.
  • 1998 July – Bronica Co., Ltd. is merged into Tamron Co., Ltd.
  • 2000 June – Tamron Fine Giken is merged into Tamron Co., Ltd.
  • 2000 June – Tamron France EURL is established in France.
  • 2005 October – Tamron Optical (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. is established in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.
  • 2006 November – Tamron listed on the 1st Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange.
  • 2008 May – Tamron Co., Ltd. Taiwan manufacturing factory opened in Tainan, Taiwan.
  • 2009 July – Tamron Co., Ltd. India Liaison Office opened in Haryana, India.
  • 2009 November – Tamron Europe GmbH. Moscow Representative Office opened in Moscow, Russia.
  • 2013 June – Tamron India Pvt Ltd.opened in Haryana, India.
  • 2016 – Sale of compact camera lens modules began.
  • 2017 – Sale of drone camera lens modules began and Tamron acquired Toumeigiken Co.[1]

Products

Photographic lenses
The Tamron 18-400mm f/3.5-6.3 Di II VC HLD (model B028) lens
The Tamron SP AF 28–75 mm f/2.8 XR Di LD Aspherical [IF] Macro (model A09), a full-frame constant aperture lens mounted on a film camera.

Tamron has sold more than 5 million lenses as of September 2014.[3] In the 2017 fiscal year, such lenses accounted for 74.9% of all sales.[1]

  • Interchangeable lenses for digital and conventional SLR cameras, including compact high-ratio zoom lenses of which Tamron was the pioneer in 1992 when it released the 28–200 mm.[3] The most-current lens of this type is the AF 16–300 mm F/3.5-6.3 Di II VC PZD MACRO. Tamron was the maker of the manual-focus Adaptall series which have interchangeable mounts for multiple camera brands. These replaced an older series of interchangeable mount lens, the Adaptamatic lenses, which offered less functionality. Tamron was also responsible for the development of the t2 or T-mount adapter system.
  • Fixed-focal wideangle, telephoto and macro lenses;
  • Zoom lenses of various focal length ranges;
  • Teleconverters.

Optical components
  • Camcorder lenses
  • Digital still camera lenses
  • Cellular phone camera lenses

Commercial and industrial-use optics
  • CCTV camera lenses for
    1. Surveillance
    2. Industrial vision
    3. Image-processing
  • Projection lenses, test plates, high precision molds, injection-molded parts & components, optical device units, etc.

List of photographic lenses

Most current Tamron lenses are available for Sony E-Mount, Nikon F-, and Canon EF-

Auto-focus lenses

Designations

  • Di — ‘Digitally Integrated’, featuring coating optimized for digital SLRs, but still usable on 24×36 mm sensors (35 mm, ‘full’ or double frame)[4]
  • Di II — Lenses for APS-C sized sensors only[4]
  • Di III — Lenses for compact system cameras
  • SP — ‘Super Performance’, professional lenses
  • [IF] — ‘Internal Focusing’
  • ZL — ‘Zoom Lock’
  • VC — ‘Vibration Compensation’ – in-lens image stabilization (mounts for camera systems with in-body image stabilization typically don't feature VC in the lens. In this case, the lens does not carry the VC designation for this mount.)
  • MPU,DSP — ‘MicroProcessing Unit’,‘Digital Signal Processor’
  • DMPU — ‘Dual MicroProcessing Unit’
  • MR — ‘Moisture-Resistant’ construction
  • MP+DR — ‘Moisture-Proof and Dust-Resistant’ construction
  • USD — ‘Ultrasonic Silent Drive’ (AF lenses with this designation typically no longer carry the AF designation)
  • PZD — ‘Piezo Drive’ (AF lenses with this designation typically no longer carry the AF designation)
  • HLD — ‘High/Low torque-modulated Drive’ (AF lenses with this designation typically no longer carry the AF designation)
  • RXD — ‘Rapid eXtra-silent stepping Drive’ (AF lenses with this designation typically no longer carry the AF designation)
  • VXD — ‘Voice-coil eXtreme-torque Drive’ (AF lenses with this designation typically no longer carry the AF designation)
  • OSD — ‘Optimized Silent Drive’ (AF lenses with this designation typically no longer carry the AF designation)
  • DC — ‘DC Motor’

Optical design

  • ASL — hybrid ‘ASphericaL’ elements
  • LD — ‘Low Dispersion’ elements
  • XLD — ‘eXtra Low Dispersion’ elements
  • XR — ‘eXtra Refractive index’ glass
  • UXR — ‘Ultra-eXtra Refractive index’ glass
  • AD — ‘Anomalous Dispersion’ elements
  • LAH — ‘LD + ASL’ hybrid lens element
  • ADH — ‘AD + ASL’ hybrid lens element
  • HID — ‘High Index, High Dispersion’ glass
  • BBAR — ‘Broad-Band Anti-Reflection’ coating
  • BBAR-G2 — ‘Broad-Band Anti-Reflection Generation 2’ coating
  • eBAND — nano-structured ‘Extended Bandwidth & Angular-Dependency’ coating
  • AX — ‘Anti-reflectioneXpand’ coating
  • FLR — ‘FLuoRine compensation’ coating

Lenses for 35mm SLR cameras
  • Tamron SP AF 14 mm f/2.8 Aspherical [IF] (model 69E, variants 69EM)
  • Tamron SP AF 90 mm f/2.5 Macro (1:2) (model 52E, variants 52EM)
  • Tamron SP AF 90 mm f/2.5 Macro (1:2) (model 152E, variants 152EM)
  • Tamron SP AF 90 mm f/2.8 Macro 1:1 (model 72E, variants 72EM)
  • Tamron SP AF 90 mm f/2.8 Macro 1:1 (model 172E, variants 172EM)
  • Tamron SP AF 300 mm f/2.8 LD-IF (model 60E, variants 60EM)
  • Tamron SP AF 300 mm f/2.8 LD [IF] (model 360E, variants 360EM)
  • Tamron SP AF 300 mm f/2.8 LD [IF] (model 360EE)
  • Tamron AF 19–35 mm f/3.5-4.5 (model A10, variants A10M)
  • Tamron SP AF 20–40 mm f/2.7-3.5 Aspherical-IF (model 166D, variants 166DM)
  • Tamron SP AF 20–40 mm f/2.7-3.5 Aspherical-IF (model 266D, variants 266DM)
  • Tamron AF 24–70 mm f/3.3-5.6 Aspherical (model 73D, variants 73DM)
  • Tamron SP AF 24–135 mm f/3.5-5.6 AD Aspherical [IF] Macro (model 190D, variants 190DM)
  • Tamron AF 28–70 mm f/3.5-4.5 (model 159D)
  • Tamron AF 28–70 mm f/3.5-4.5 (model 259D)
  • Tamron AF 28–80 mm f/3.5-5.6 (model 77D, variants 77DM)
  • Tamron AF 28–80 mm f/3.5-5.6 Aspherical (model 177D)
  • Tamron AF 28–80 mm f/3.5-5.6 Aspherical (model 277D)
  • Tamron SP AF 28–105 mm f/2.8 LD Aspherical-IF (model 176D, variants 176DM)
  • Tamron SP AF 28–105 mm f/2.8 LD Aspherical-IF (model 276D, variants 276DM)
  • Tamron AF 28–105 mm f/4-5.6 (model 79D)
  • Tamron AF 28–105 mm f/4-5.6 Aspherical [IF] (model 179D, variants 179DM)
  • Tamron AF 28–200 mm f/3.8-5.6 Aspherical (model 71D, variants 71DM)
  • Tamron AF 28–200 mm f/3.8-5.6 LD Super (model 171D, variants 171DM)
  • Tamron AF 28–200 mm f/3.8-5.6 LD Aspherical-IF Super Silver (model 271D)
  • Tamron AF 28–200 mm f/3.8-5.6 LD Aspherical [IF] Super II Macro (model 371D, variants 371DM)
  • Tamron AF 28–200 mm f/3.8-5.6 Aspherical-IF Super2 Silver (model 471D, variants 471DM)
  • Tamron AF 28–200 mm f/3.8-5.6 LD Aspherical [IF] Super (model 571D)
  • Tamron AF 28–200 mm f/3.8-5.6 Super XR Aspherical [IF] Macro (model A03, variants A03M)
  • Tamron AF 28–300 mm f/3.5-6.3 LD Aspherical [IF] Macro (model 185D, variants 185DM)
  • Tamron AF 28–300 mm f/3.8-6.3 LD Aspherical-IF Silver (model 285D)
  • Tamron AF 28–300 mm f/3.5-6.3 Ultra Zoom XR LD Aspherical [IF] Macro (model A06, variants A06M)
  • Tamron AF 35–90 mm f/4-5.6 (model 63D, variants 63DM)
  • Tamron SP AF 35–105 mm f/2.8 Aspherical (model 65D, variants 65DM)
  • Tamron-F AF 35–135 mm f/3.5-4.5 Tele-Macro (model 40D, variant for Minolta A-mount only) (1987-1988)
  • Tamron SP AF 70–210 mm f/2.8 LD (model 67D, variant 67DM)
  • Tamron-F AF 70–210 mm f/3.5-4.5 Tele-Macro (model 53D, variant for Minolta A-mount only) (1987-1989)
  • Tamron AF 70–210 mm f/4-5.6 (model 158D, variants 158DM)
  • Tamron AF 70–210 mm f/4-5.6 (model 258D, variants 258DM)
  • Tamron AF 70–300 mm f/4-5.6 (model 172D, variants 172DM)
  • Tamron AF 70–300 mm f/4-5.6 LD (model 372D)
  • Tamron AF 70–300 mm f/4-5.6 LD (model 472D)
  • Tamron AF 70–300 mm f/4-5.6 LD Macro 1:2 (model 572D, variants 572DM)
  • Tamron AF 70–300 mm f/4-5.6 LD Macro (1:2) (model 772D)
  • Tamron AF 75–300 mm f/4-5.6 LD (model 672D, variants 672DM)
  • Tamron AF 75–300 mm f/4-5.6 LD Macro (model 872D)
  • Tamron AF 80–210 mm f/4.5-5.6 (model 178D)
  • Tamron AF 80–210 mm f/4.5-5.6 (model 278D)
  • Tamron AF 90–300 mm f/4.5-5.6 (model 62D, variants 62DM)
  • Tamron AF 100–300 mm f/5-6.3 (model 86D, variants 86DM)
  • Tamron AF 100–300 mm f/5-6.3 (model 186D)
  • Tamron AF 200–400 mm f/5.6 LD-IF (model 75D)
  • Tamron AF 200–400 mm f/5.6 LD-IF (model 175D)

Di lenses for full-frame DSLR cameras
Tamron SP AF 180 mm f/3.5 Di LD [IF] Macro 1:1 (model B01)

Di II lenses for APS-C format DSLR cameras
The Tamron SP AF 17–50 mm f/2.8 XR Di II LD Aspherical [IF] (model A16) constant aperture lens mounted on a Sony DSLR-A200 camera.

Di III lenses for digital compact system cameras
  • Tamron 14-150 mm f/3.5-5.8 Di III (model C001)
  • Tamron 17-28mm f/2.8 Di III RXD for full-frame Sony E-mount
  • Tamron 17-70mm f/2.8 Di III-A VC RXD for APS-C Sony E-mount (B070, announced December 2020)[5]
  • Tamron 28-75mm f/2.8 Di III RXD for full-frame Sony E-mount (A036, available January 2019)
  • Tamron 28-200mm f/2.8-5.6 Di III RXD for full-frame Sony E-mount (A071, available June 2020)
  • Tamron 70-180mm f/2.8 Di III VXD for full-frame Sony E-mount (A056, available May 2020)
  • Tamron 20mm f/2.8 Di III OSD for full-frame Sony E-mount
  • Tamron 24mm f/2.8 Di III OSD for full-frame Sony E-mount
  • Tamron 35mm f/2.8 Di III OSD for full-frame Sony E-mount
  • Tamron 18-200 mm f/3.5-6.3 Di III VC (model B011, variants B011EM, B011S)[6]

Manual focus lenses
Tamron Adaptall-2 80–210 mm on an Olympus body

Adaptall-2 lenses and adapters

Adaptall-2 mount lenses (Adaptall-2 series discontinued 2005/2006)

Primes
Focal length Max. aperture Notes Model
SP 17 mm f/3.5 SP 51B
24 mm f/2.5 01B
28 mm f/2.5 02B
SP 90 mm f/2.5 SP 1:2 macro 52B
SP 90 mm f/2.5 SP 1:2 macro 52BB
SP 90 mm f/2.8 SP 1:1 macro 72B
135 mm f/2.5 CF close focus 03B
SP 180 mm f/2.5 SP LD IF 63B
200 mm f/3.5 CF close focus 04B
SP 300 mm f/2.8 SP LD non-IF 107B
SP 300 mm f/2.8 SP LD IF 60B
SP 300 mm f/2.8 SP LD IF 360B
SP 300 mm f/5.6 SP 54B
SP 350 mm f/5.6 SP Mirror lens 06B
SP 400 mm f/4 SP LD IF 65B
SP 500 mm f/8 SP Mirror lens 55B
SP 500 mm f/8 SP Mirror lens 55BB
Zooms
Focal length Max. aperture Notes Model
SP 24–48 mm f/3.5–3.8 SP 13A
28–50 mm f/3.5–4.5 07A
28–70 mm f/3.5-4.5 44A
28–70 mm f/3.5-4.5 59A
SP 28–80 mm f/3.5–4.2 SP 27A
SP 28–105 mm f/2.8 SP LD Asph IF 176A
SP 28–135 mm f/4–4.5 SP 28A
28–200 mm f/3.8–5.6 LD Asph IF 171A
35–70 mm f/3.5–4.5 09A
35–70 mm f/3.5 17A
SP 35–80 mm f/2.8–3.8 SP 01A
SP 35–105 mm f/2.8 SP Asph IF 65A
35–135 mm f/3.5-4.2 22A
35–135 mm f/3.5-4.5 40A
SP 35–210 mm f/3.5–4.2 SP 26A
SP 60–300 mm f/3.8–5.4 SP 23A
SP 70–150 mm f/2.8 SP ‘Soft-Focus' 51A
70–150 mm f/3.5 02A
70–150 mm f/3.5 Actual aperture f/4 20A
SP 70–210 mm f/3.5–4 SP 52A
SP 70–210 mm f/3.5 SP 19AH
70–210 mm f/3.8–4 46A
70–210 mm f/4–5.6 58A
75–250 mm f/3.8–4.5 04A
75–250 mm f/3.8–4.5 104A
75–350 mm f/4.5 05A
SP 80–200 mm f/2.8 SP LD 30A
80–210 mm f/3.8–4 03A
80–210 mm f/3.8–4 103A
SP 200–500 mm f/5.6 SP 31A
200–500 mm f/6.9 06A

Adaptall-2 interchangeable mounts produced for:

To fit lens mount Model Comments
‘C’ mount (CCTV/16 mm)[7] ? ‘C’
Canon EF EOS-M
Canon FD FD2
Contax / Yashica CTX2
Fujica AX FUJ-X
Fujica ST/AZ-1 08C (Fujica ST)[7] FUS
Konica (later type) 53C (Konica AR)[7] KE2
Leicaflex (for catadioptric lenses) Leicaflex-SL LF
Leica R4 215C (Leica R4)[7] R4
Mamiya ZE 57CB (Mamiya ZE)[7] ZE
Minolta A-mount 65C (Minolta A)[7]
Minolta MC/MD MD2
‘MS’ mount (CCTV) ‘MS’
Nikon F (original type with "horn" meter coupler) NIK
Nikon F Ai 59C (Nikon Ai/E)[7] N-AI
Olympus OM OM4
Olympus OM Marked ‘OL’
Pentax/Praktica universal screw (M42)[7] 01C[7] PCS
Pentax ES/Spotmatic F

(M42 mount but includes Pentax ES/ Spotmatic F open aperture metering support)

 PCE
Pentax K 02C (Pentax K)[7] PK
Pentax KA 63C (Pentax KA)[7] PKA
Praktica Electric (screw) LLC
Praktica B200 B200
Ricoh XR-P 61C (Ricoh XR-P)[7] XR-P
Rollei SL35 / Voigtländer VSL 12C (Rollei)[7] RF11
Topcon RE-Series Super D TO

Adaptall lenses and adapters
Tamron Telezoom 85-210 mm F4.5 MACRO BBAR MC, ca. 1975, Adaptall

Adaptall (first series) mount lenses

Primes
Focal length Max. aperture Notes Model
24 mm f/2.5 CW-24
28 mm f/2.8 CW-28
105 mm f/2.5 CT-105
135 mm f/2.8 CT-135
200 mm f/3.5 CT-200
300 mm f/5.6 CT-300
Zooms
Focal length Max. aperture Notes Model
35–80 mm f/2.8–3.5 QZ-35M
38–100 mm f/3.5 SZ-38
38–100 mm f/3.5 SZ-38M
70–150 mm f/3.5 CZ-150
70–150 mm f/3.5 QZ-150M
70–150 mm f/3.8 CZ-715
70–220 mm f/3.8 Z-220
70–350 mm f/4.5 CZ-735
80–250 mm f/3.8 Z-250
80–250 mm f/3.8–4.5 CZ-825
80–250 mm f/3.8–4.5 QZ-825M
85–210 mm f/4.5 Z-210
85–210 mm f/4.5 CZ-210M
85–210 mm f/4.5 QZ-210M
200–500 mm f/6.9 Z-500
200–500 mm f/6.9 CZ-500

Adaptall (first series) interchangeable mounts produced for:

To fit lens mount Model
Canon FD ???
Contax ???
Pentax/Praktica universal screw (M42) ???
Miranda bayonet ???
Nikon F (original type with ‘horn’ meter coupler) ???
Olympus OM ???
Rollei SL35 ???
Topcon RE-Series ???

Adapt-A-Matic lenses and adapters

Adapt-A-Matic mount lenses

Primes
Focal length Max. aperture Notes Model
21 mm f/4.5 PFJ-45Au
24 mm f/3.5 PFY-35Au
28 mm f/2.8 62 mm filter PFH-28Au
28 mm f/2.8 58 mm filter ???
35 mm f/2.8 PSG-28Au
105 mm f/2.5 JOG-25Au
135 mm f/2.8 JSG-28Au
135 mm f/3.5 ???
200 mm f/3.5 870Au
300 mm f/5.6 670Au
Zooms
Focal length Max. aperture Notes Model
70–220 mm f/4 PZ-30Au
80–250 mm f/3.8 PZ-20Au
85–205 mm f/3.5 PZ-60Au
200–500 mm f/6.9 PZ-150Au

Adapt-A-Matic interchangeable mounts produced for:

To fit lens mount Model
Canon FD C-AF
Exacta EX
Konica K-A
Pentax/Praktica universal screw (M42) P-CS
Minolta SR-1, SR-2, SR-7 SR
Minolta SR-T SR-T
Miranda bayonet M-A
Nikon F N-IF
Petri P-E
Topcon RE T-O

T2 lenses and adapters

T2 screw mount lenses

Primes
Focal length Max. aperture Notes Model
35 mm f/2.8 460
58 mm f/1.2 380
135/225 mm f/2.8/5.5 680 ‘Twin-Tele’ or ‘Converto’
135 mm f/3.5 860
135/225 mm f/4.5/7.7 Older, smaller thread (37 mm) 280 ‘Twin-Tele’ or ‘Converto’
180 mm f/3.5 JH-35
200 mm f/2.8 360
200 mm f/3.5 870
200 mm f/5.9 F0-59
200 mm f/6.3 F0-63
250 mm f/4.5 FG-45
300 mm f/5.6 670
300 mm f/6.9 S0-69
350 mm f/5.6 750
400 mm f/5.6 340
400 mm f/6.9 F0-69
400 mm f/7.5 490
400 mm f/8 Y0-8
450 mm f/8 880
Zooms
Focal length Max. aperture Notes Model
55–90 mm f/4 PZ-50
95–205 mm f/5.6 PZ-60P
95–205 mm f/6.3 910P
95–250 mm f/5.6 PZ-10II
200–400 mm f/6.3 PZ-70

T2 interchangeable mounts produced for: (Manufactured by Tamron, as well as third party manufacturers)

To fit lens mount Tamron Model #
Canon EF
Canon R, FL, FD T400-C A
Contax/Yashica
Exacta/Topcon RE T400-K E
Exacta/Topcon RE Older, 37 mm thread
Pentax/Praktica universal screw (M42) T400-C S
Pentax screw Older, 37 mm thread
Minolta/Sony A-mount (AF/Dynax/Maxxum/α)
Minolta SR-mount (SR/MC/MD) T400-SR2
Miranda bayonet T400-MA
Nikon F T400-NIF
Olympus OM
Pentax K
Petri bayonet
Topcon/Exacta RE
Yashica/Contax
Yashica Pentamatic T400-Y A

See also
  • List of Tamron lenses with Nikon F-mount and integrated autofocus motor

References
  1. "Tamron Annual Report 2017" (PDF). Tamron Co. 26 January 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
  2. "TAMRON - Stock　Information". tamron.co.jp. 30 June 2018.
  3. "News Feed". Popular Photography. Vol. 79 no. 1. Bonnier Corporation. January 2015. p. 14. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  4. "Q&A". Popular Photography. Vol. 79 no. 1. Bonnier Corporation. January 2015. p. 29. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  5. "Press Release | The launch of 17-70mm F/2.8 Di III-A VC RXD (Model B070) | E-mount | Standard Zoom Lens - TAMRON".
  6. "Di III lenses". Tamron Japan. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  7. "Tamron Discontinued Products List - Adaptall-2 Interchangeable Mount System". Tamron Japan. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.