Territorial Abbey of Tokwon

In February 1909, German monks of the Congregation of Missionary Benedictines of Saint Ottilien arrived in Seoul. Following the model used in their African monasteries, lay brothers established a carpentry shop and a trade school, while priests busied themselves with pastoral work and education. With the arrival of more monks from Europe, the monastery was raised to the status of an abbey on May 15, 1913. Fr Boniface Sauer, OSB, became the community's first abbot.[4]

When the Vicariate Apostolic of Seoul was divided in 1920, the monks of the Abbey of St Benedict took charge of the newly created Vicariate Apostolic of Wonsan. By 1927, the original monastery in Seoul was closed, the community of around forty monks having relocated to Tokwon. In 1927-1928, the monks built a minor and major seminary to train indigenous secular priests, while from 1929–1931 a church in the neo-Romanesque style was constructed.[5] Around this time, the community began to cultivate local monastic vocations.

In 1940, the Territorial Abbacy of Tokwon was created, covering the cities of Wonsan (where Tokwon is located) and Munchon and the counties Anbyon, Chonnae and Kowon. As Abbot of Tokwon, Boniface Sauer became the ordinary of the territorial abbacy, while at the same time he was charged with being the apostolic administrator of Hamhung apostolic vicariate.[2] As World War II came to an end, the Abbey of Tokwon fell under the control of Soviet occupying forces. Though the monastery was for a time used to quarter soldiers, eventually monastic life was permitted to resume.[6] By the time Soviet forces withdrew in 1949, there were around 60 monks at the Abbey of Tokwon (25 of them Korean)[7] and around 20 sisters of the Tutzing Congregation in a monastery in nearby Wonsan.[8]

In May 1949 under the rule of Kim Il-sung the North Korean secret police occupied the monastery, arrested all monks and sisters and moved them to prisons and internment camps.[8] In July 1950, the Abbey church of Tokwon was destroyed by American bombs.[9] From 1949 to 1952 14 monks and two sisters were executed after harsh imprisonment and torture.[10] During the same period, 17 monks and two sisters died of starvation, illness, hard physical labour and bad living conditions in the camps.[11] Abbot-Bishop Boniface Sauer died on 1 February 1950, in a prison in Pyongyang, ahead of the execution of all senior monks in October 1950.[5] In January 1954, the surviving 42 German monks and sisters were repatriated to Germany via the Trans-Siberian Railway.[2]

In May 2007 the process began for the beatification of the 36 North Korean Servants of God from the Abbey of Tokwon, martyred during the wave of anti-Christian persecution under the rule of Kim Il-sung. The process is entitled “beatification Abbot Bishop Boniface Sauer (O.S.B.), Fr. Benedict Kim (O.S.B.) and companions”.[12]

The Wonsan University of Agriculture[13] was built on the premises of the abbey. The abbey's remaining buildings (former church and seminary and former rectory)[14] are probably in secular use by the university.[15]

In 1952, some surviving Benedictine monks and sisters founded a new monastery in Waegwan, near the town of Daegu in South Korea.[16] Today the abbot of Waegwan is the apostolic administrator of Tokwon Territorial Abbey,[17] but he is not allowed to visit North Korea. Since the 1950s there are no priests or Catholic communities in Tokwon Territorial Abbacy or any other diocese in North Korea.[18][19] Many Christians are imprisoned in Yodok political prison camp, just 70 km (43 mi) northwest of the abbey, and other prison camps in North Korea[20] and subjected to torture and inhuman treatment because of their faith.[21] Christians in North Korea can practice their faith only in secret and in constant fear of discovery and punishment.[22]

• Territorial abbey
• Human rights in North Korea
• Freedom of religion in North Korea
• Religion in North Korea
• Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamhung
• Order of Saint Benedict
• Congregation of Missionary Benedictines of Saint Ottilien

• UCA News: Diocesan Directory: Territorial Abbacy of Tokwon – Portrait of Tokwon Territorial Abbacy
• Missionary Benedictines of St. Ottilien: The Martyrs of Tokwon: Historical Preliminary Notes – Detailed biographies for the beatification of 36 martyrs from Abbey of Tokwon
• Christian Solidarity Worldwide: North Korea: A case to answer – a call to act – Report to emphasize the urgent need to respond to mass killings, arbitrary imprisonment, torture and related international crimes
• U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom: Thank you father Kim Il Sung – Eyewitness accounts of severe violations of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion in North Korea