The Rogue's March

Fife version, British army, known from before 1756 (cited Grant, 2013)

The best known tune was performed by fife and drum.[3] It was played in ⁶
₈ time or, by a slight change of tune,[4] in ²
₄ time. As many fifers and drummers as possible were assembled to play the ritual.[5]

In keeping with the ritual's purpose, the fife tune had a "derisory and childlike quality".[6] A British army punishment "since time immemorial", the tune shown here first appears in a fife book of 1756.[7] That a very similar tune was used in American army, in the Indian wars at least, was attested by General Frank Baldwin [8] and corroborated by General Custer's widow.[9]

It appears that the march could be identified from the drumbeat alone; thus played, it was called the Rogue's Tattoo.[10] In one anecdote members of a Scottish crowd recognised it when played by a solitary drummer;[11] as was done in the naval ritual of flogging round the Fleet (see below).

Scholars have proposed that The Rogue's March can be traced to a taunt song called Cuckolds Come Dig, citing its analogous use for expelling prostitutes from Edinburgh earlier in the eighteenth century ('the whore's march').[7][12] In fact, this song was well known in connection with the English Civil War; in Sir Walter Scott's novel Woodstock a character quotes the words

Cuckolds,[13] come dig, cuckolds, come dig;
Round about cuckolds, come dance to my jig!

to insult Roundheads,[14] which rhythmic pattern has been said plausibly to fit the Rogue's March.[12] The song with those words originated in 1642/3 when Royalist soldiers taunted Londoners digging defensive fortifications around the city.[15][16]

A version for bugle, in a manual for American machine-gunners, 1918

The military field trumpet, like the bugle, had no valves and could not play the notes of the diatonic scale[17] so a different tune had to be employed.

One such is known from America. By the end of the nineteenth century the bugle began to replace the traditional drummers and fifers for infantry use[18] and by World War I regulations the brass instrument was universal. The tune shown here appears in an 1886 manual[19] and again in Instructions for the Trumpet and Drum (Washington, 1915);[20] an American training manual for machine-gunners heading for World War I (facsimile reproduced);[21] and the U.S. Navy ship and gunnery drills 1927.[22]

An American version for cornet – a valved instrument – of 1874 used the fife version of the tune.[23]

Corporal punishment, when it could be administered in the British army of the 18th and 19th centuries, was inflicted by the military bandsmen, e.g.: drummers, to increase the ignominy. Hence it was commonplace for it to be accompanied by music.[29]

The Rogue's March was typically used for drumming out incorrigible offenders – often, those who stole from their comrades. The offender, after undergoing whatever additional punishment had been imposed, e.g.: a flogging, would be brought onto the parade-ground. Drummer boys would strip off his buttons and facings. The sentence would be read, the band would strike up the Rogue's March, and the offender would be marched through the ranks and out of the assembly and – in later practice – to a civilian jail.[30]

To increase the humiliation he might be kicked in the bottom by the smallest drummer boy,[3] and warned that he could expect severe punishment if he was seen there again. Sometimes a drummer boy led him with a halter [hangman's noose] around his neck. Soldiers' diaries record that the ritual made a very strong psychological impression on them.[6]

The punishment might also be employed on camp followers: "Thieves, strumpets, &c are frequently disgraced in this manner".[1]

By 1867 newspaper accounts could describe the procedure as "somewhat rare".[31][32][33] However, in 1902 two Aldershot soldiers who stole war medals awarded to black servicemen by King Edward VII in person were drummed out to the Rogue's March and thence to prison with hard labour, after the King himself had sent a telegram deprecating the disgrace.[34]

Seamen were also drummed out of the Navy. One officer wrote that in a well run ship "the greatest punishment [is] to be turned out of the service with disgrace, and a bad certificate into the bargain", and citing two instances where he had had thieves "drummed out of the ship with the rough music of the Rogue's March", which put a stop to thieving.[35] Others were less enlightened. Several documents describe The Rogue's March being played to accompany flogging in the Navy.[36] Two accounts describe the extreme naval punishment known as flogging round the fleet where the march was played by a drummer boy placed in the bows of the boat as it passed from ship to ship.[37][38]

Morris Island, 1863. A soldier is drummed out of camp to the Rogue's March. The sign says he "stole money from a wounded friend".

Based on a contemporary sketch: Two thieves are drummed out of the Union Army to the Rogue's March.[39] Semi-shaving of heads was typical.

The same march with a similar ritual was used in the American army and militia.[40] In the 1812 war in one regiment "a soldier convicted of swindling had to forfeit half of his pay for two months, lose his liquor ration for the rest of the campaign, and – with his bayonet reversed and the right side of his face shaved close to the skin – be drummed up and down the lines to the Rogue's March three times".[41] A soldier in the Mexican war was ridden out of camp on a rail to its tune.[42] On the Texas frontier, recalled General Zenas Bliss, the usual penalty for desertion was fifty lashes "well laid on with a raw-hide" by the drummer-boys, after which his back was washed with brine; when he recovered, his head was shaved as closely as possible and he was drummed out to the fifes and drums of the Rogue's March.[43]

In the Civil War both sides used the punishment for cowardice or theft; the man's head would be shaved and a humiliating sign was hung on him; the march was played and he was drummed out.[44] On one occasion the entire Twentieth Illinois Volunteers ("a loose, rowdy bunch") was ordered to be marched off the parade ground – in the presence of other regiments – to the Rogue's March, which humiliated and infuriated the officers and men.[27] General Meade expelled a newspaper reporter by having him placed backwards on a mule and led through the ranks to the Rogue's March.[45] However the Rogue's March was also played at military executions by firing squad.[44][46] It was used in a black militia sent to maintain law and order in the South in the Reconstruction era.[47]

The expulsion could be lethal. An eyewitness recalled the practice during one of the Indian wars:

His head was shaved and he was branded with a hot iron and drummed out of the army. At that time it was suicide to go a mile from the fort, for the Indians watched the road constantly, but this did not seem to matter... [B]y February or March 1869, there had been four or five men drummed out of the Omaha Barracks. In each instance the men were branded with a hot iron, their heads were shaved, they were marched around the fort with a fife and drum playing "Poor Old Soldier", and then drummed out.[48]

In 1915 The Rogue's March was a prescribed item throughout the American Army, Navy and Marine Corps; the piece was "Played when a thief or other man is expelled the camp in disgrace".[49] It appeared in 1917 drill regulations for machine-gun companies heading for World War I,[21] and in 1927 drills in the Navy.[22]

The last Marine to be drummed out to the Rogue's March – the ceremony was at Norfolk Marine Barracks and was attended by members of the public – was shown in Life magazine's Picture of the Week for April 20, 1962.[50] The same month General David M. Shoup, commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps, ordered Col. William C. Capehart, commander of the barracks to "knock off" drumming out disgraced Marines, a practice the latter had revived in 1960. "The local commander neither asked for nor was given authorization for the ceremony", said Shoup.[51]

By 1976 Chief Justice Burger referring to military disgrace could write: "The absence of the broken sword, the torn epaulets, and the Rogue's March from our military ritual does not lessen the indelibility of the stigma".[52]

A 1996 article in Air Force Law Review argued that drumming out to the Rogue's March ought to be revived and would be good for discipline, but the attendant humiliation risked counting as cruel and unusual punishment within the meaning of the Eighth Amendment. To get round this the article suggested the culprit should be asked to sign a consent form.[53]

During World War II the Royal Canadian Regiment bugle band – which, having been officially disbanded, theoretically did not exist – smuggled its instruments ashore in the Allied invasion of Sicily. It was then reconstituted, duly performing the regimental music. "At a ceremonial promulgation of sixteen Courts-Martial, the culprits were drummed out of the regiment to the unhappy beat of the ‘Rogue's March’.’’[54]

The First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay in 1788; the colony was officially proclaimed on 9 February;[55] on the 11th, three individuals were drummed out of the camp for fornication. Hence the first named piece of music known to have been performed in Australia – apart from God Save the King – was the Rogue's March.[56][57]

The Sudds-Thompson case was an event in the early history of New South Wales. In 1825 two soldiers, Sudds and Thompson, decided to steal from a shop and get caught on purpose, because they thought convicts had better long term prospects than soldiers. However the governor General Darling decided to make an example of them. According to Charles White's Convict life in New South Wales:[58]

The two men were stripped of their uniform and clothed in the convict dress; iron collars with long projecting spikes were then rivetted round their necks and fetters and chains rivetted on their legs. They were then drummed out of the regiment and marched back to gaol while the band played "The Rogue's March".

Whether Darling acted legally has been debated.[59] One of the men died and the case turned into a major political controversy.[60]

Like Yankee Doodle, British troops were known to play the Rogue's March to annoy troublesome colonial citizens.[61] When Paul Revere published a seditious cartoon a British regiment mustered outside the printer's shop: "With their colonel at their head and the regimental band playing the Rogue's March, they warned the publisher he would be next to wear a coat of tar and feathers".[62]

Pulling Down the Statue of George III, William Walcutt (1819-1882)

Henry Beck's Flute Book, 1786. He knew the tune as Poor Old Tory.

The colonials retaliated. Fife and drum bands often played the Rogue's March while Loyalists were manhandled by mobs.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69] One victim included Leigh Hunt's father[70] – a happening duly commemorated by the citizens of Philadelphia in a 1912 pageant.[71]

When Benedict Arnold was hanged in effigy for treachery his 'corpse' was carried in procession with fifes and drums playing the march.[72] And when the crowd pulled down the statue of George III in Bowling Green, New York, on 9 July 1776 they carried it off to the tune of the Rogue's March.[73]

A surviving manuscript shows the tune was also known as Poor Old Tory,[74] 'Tory' being another name for Loyalist.

During the Federalist-Republican struggles of the 1790s the Rogue's March was used as rough music to harass Federalist congressmen.[75] Fifers and drummers played it under Thomas Jefferson's windows at a time when he was deeply unpopular.[76] When vice-president Aaron Burr was acquitted of treason in 1807, a Baltimore mob hanged him (together with presiding Chief Justice Marshall) in effigy while a band played the Rogue's March.[77] At the 1868 Republican National Convention a brass band played Hail to the Chief for candidate Ulysses S. Grant but the Rogue's March for the "seven traitors" (the Republican senators who voted against the impeachment of Andrew Johnson).[78]

The march was also associated with mob violence. In some labour disputes in nineteenth century America unpopular masters might hear drum and fife bands playing the Rogue's March as a prelude to tarring and feathering or riding out on a rail.[79] During the anti-abolitionist riots of 1834, in Norwich, Connecticut

the mob entered a church during the delivery of an abolition sermon, took the parson from the pulpit, walked him into the open air to the tune of the "Rogue's March", drummed him out of the town, and threatened if he ever made his appearance in the place again they would give him " a coat of tar and feathers."[80]

In 1863 the Washington DC police "rounded up a batch of thieves, pickpockets, and prostitutes, many from the Murder Bay area. Then they herded the culprits down Pennsylvania Avenue to the train station and out of the city, appropriately followed by a brass band serenading the gathering with The Rogue's March."[81]

In the mutiny of the Nore (1797) rebellious seamen seized a boatswain and, in a parody of the naval punishment, rowed him round the Fleet while a drummer beat the Rogue's March.[82]

Those burned in effigy while bands played the Rogue's March have included:

• Guy Fawkes (for trying to destroy the Protestant monarchy).[83]
• Thomas Paine (frequently, for writing the Rights of Man)[84]
• Thomas Babington Macaulay (for offending Highlanders in his History of England),[85] and
• Cardinal Wiseman[86] and Pope Pius IX (for restoring the Catholic hierarchy in England).[87]

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