Timeline of Cluj-Napoca

The following detailed sequence of events covers the timeline of Cluj-Napoca, a city in Transylvania, Romania.

Timeline of Cluj-Napoca
Roman Napoca on Tabula Peutingeriana
Ruins of Napoca
City coat of arms (starting 1377)
Cluj in 1617 by Joris Hoefnagel
Cluj Bridge Gate in 1860
Central Cluj in 1930

Cluj-Napoca (Romanian pronunciation: [ˈkluʒ naˈpoka] (listen), German: Klausenburg; Hungarian: Kolozsvár, Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkoloʒvaːr] (listen); Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; and Yiddish: קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg), commonly known as Cluj, is located in the Someșul Mic River valley, roughly equidistant from Bucharest (324 kilometres (201 miles)), Budapest (351 km (218 mi)) and Belgrade (322 km (200 mi)). Throughout its long history, the area around Cluj-Napoca was part of many empires and kingdoms, including the Roman Empire (as part of the Dacia province and later a sub-division of Dacia Porolissensis), Gepidia, Avaria, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Habsburg Monarchy, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania. From 17901848 and 18611867, it was the official capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania.

In modern times, the city holds the status of municipiu, is the seat of Cluj County in the north-western part of Romania, and continues to be considered the unofficial capital of the historical province of Transylvania. Cluj continues to be one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and business centres in Romania. Among other institutions, it hosts the country's largest university, Babeș-Bolyai University, with its famous botanical garden. The current boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres (69.31 sq mi). The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411,379 people, while the population of the peri-urban area (Romanian: zona periurbană) exceeds 420,000 residents, making it one of the most populous cities in Romania.

2nd century

Napoca in Roman Dacia
Text of Roman milliarium from 108, describing the construction of the road from Potaissa to Napoca, by request of the Emperor Trajan. It indicates the distance of ten thousand feet (P.M.X.) to Potaissa. The complete inscription is: "Imp[erator]/ Caesar Nerva/ Traianus Aug[ustus]/ Germ[anicus] Dacicus/ pontif[ex] maxim[us]/ [sic] pot[estate] XII co[n]s[ul] V/ imp[erator] VI p[ater] p[atriae] fecit/ per coh[ortem] I Fl[aviam] Vlp[iam]/ Hisp[anam] mil[liariam] c[ivium] R[omanorum] eq[uitatam]/ a Potaissa Napo/cam / m[ilia] p[assuum] X".

3rd century

Napoca in the Roman Dacia fragment of the 1st–4th century AD Tabula Peutingeriana (upper center)
Ruined buildings with hypocaust from the Roman Napoca
  • c.200-230 - Marcus Veracilius Verus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 204 - Lucius Pomponius Liberalis becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 205 - Mevius Surus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 206 - Claudius Gallus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 208 - Gaius Julius Maximinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 211 - 4 February: Caracalla and his brother Geta reign together after their father's death.
  • c.211-217 - The road from Napoca to Porolissum is repaired.[31]
  • 212 - Lucius Marius Perpetuus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[23]
  • 215 - Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 217 - Marcus Claudius Agrippa becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • c.217 - Ulpius Victor becomes procurator of Dacia Porolissensis.[22]
  • 222 - 11 March: Severus Alexander becomes Emperor.
  • c.222 - Iasdius Domitianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 235 - 20 March 235: Maximinus Thrax succeeds to the rule of Roman Empire, after Severus Alexander is assassinated.
  • c.235-238 - Quintus Julius Licinianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • c.235-238 - Marcus Cuspidius Flaminius Severus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • c.235-238 - Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 236-238 - Maximinus Thrax campaigns in Dacia against the Carpi.[32]
  • c.238 - Decimus Simonius Proculus Julianus becomes the consular legate of the Three Dacias.[30]
  • 242-247 - Carpi are attacking Dacia and Moesia Inferior.[33]
  • 248-250 - Dacia is attacked by the Germanic tribes of the Goths, Taifals and Bastarns together with the Carpi.[34]
  • 253
  • 257 - Gallienus claims the title Dacicus Maximus after repeated victories over the Carpi and associated Dacian tribes.[36]
  • 258 - Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.[34]
  • 258-260 - A percentage of the cohorts from the V Macedonica and XIII Gemina legions are transferred from Dacia to Pannonia.[37]
  • 260 - Monetary circulation[35] and raising of inscribed monuments[38] have a dramatic drop in Dacia.
  • c.260 - Repairs of the castra fortifications are conducted on the northern border of Dacia Porolissensis.[35]
  • 263 - Dacia is attacked by Carpi and Goths.[34]
  • 267 - Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.[34]
  • 269 - Dacia is attacked by Goths and Herules.[34]
  • 270 - September: Aurelian becomes Roman Emperor.
  • 271-275 - Aurelian evacuates the Roman troops and civilian administration from Dacia, and establishes Dacia Aureliana with its capital at Serdica in Lower Moesia.[33][39]
  • c.291
  • 291-300 - Thervingi continue migrating into north-eastern Dacia but are opposed by the Carpi and the non-Romanized Dacians.[43]
  • c.295 - Goths defeat the Carpi, pushing them southward.[44]

4th century

  • 295-320s - After a peace treaty with the Romans, Goths proceed to settle down in parts of Roman Dacia (starting to be called Gothia), dividing some of the land with the Taifals,[45] and co-existing with the remaining semi-Romanized population.[43]
  • c.300-350 - Ruralization of the urban life in Dacia.[46]
  • c.350 - Sântana de Mureş-Černjachov culture/Goths enter intra-Carpathian Transylvania.[47]
  • 376 - Huns arrive, attacking the Thervingi[48] and leading to a collapse of the Gothic dominance in the area.[49]

5th century

6th century

  • c.501-568
    • More Gepid power centers appear in Transylvania.[33]
    • New settlements appear along the Someş, Mureş, and Târnava rivers, reflecting a period of tranquillity in Gepidia.[58]
    • A "circle" of Gepid settlements develops around Napoca.[59]
    • Gepids start to adopt Arian Christianity through their connection with the Goths.[60]
    • Farming is the primary activity, but looms, combs, and other items are produced in local workshops.[58]
    • Gepidia is trading with faraway regions such as Crimea, Mazovia or Scandinavia.[61]
  • 568 - The Avar invasion ends the independent Gepidia.[62]
  • c.568 - Carpathian Basin is incorporated in the Avar Khaganate established by khagan Bayan I.
  • c.599-600 - Gepids under assimilation but settlements still exist within Avaria.[63][64]

7th century

Avars, Slavs and Bulgars in the areas around Transylvania
  • c.600-800 - Avars bring with them and allow Slavs to settle inside Transylvania.

8th century

  • c. 700-800 - Center and northern Transylvania under Moravian influence.[33]
  • 791–795 - Plunder of the Avar state by the Franks of Charlemagne.[65]
  • 794 - Avars, in small numbers, and mixed with Slavs, still inhabit parts of Transylvania.[65]
  • 796 - Avar Khaganate suffers a crippling blow by the Franks.[65]

9th century

10th century

11th century

12th century

13th century

14th century

Seal of Cluj granted in 1377 by King Louis I of Hungary, with the inscription S[igilium] CIVIVM de CLVS WAR

15th century

16th century

17th century

1617 engraving of Kolozsvár/Klausenburg by Joris Hoefnagel & son

18th century

19th century

The Kolozsvár/Klausenburg Bridge Gate in 1860
Franz Joseph University in Kolozsvár/Klausenburg, c. 1900

20th century

Inauguration of the Matthias Corvinus Monument in 1902
Romanian troops (Regiment 16 Dorobanți "Fălticeni") marching in Cluj, 1918
U Cluj football team on 27 October 1923

21st century

See also

References

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  4. Georgescu 1991, p. 5.
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  16. CIL, III,14465.
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  21. Petolescu 2014, p. 173.
  22. Petolescu 2014, p. 177.
  23. Petolescu 2014, p. 174.
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  26. Wanner 2010, p. 278.
  27. Köpeczi 2001, p. 89.
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  32. Southern & Dixon 1996, p. 11.
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  65. AvarDateline 2012.
  66. Anonymus c. 1200, ch.24.
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  78. Lukács 2005, p. 29.
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  97. Lukács 2005, p. 49.
  98. Csontosi 1882, p. 135.
  99. Brubaker 2006, p. 90.
  100. Levack 2013, p. II.
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  103. Davidson 2014, p. 401.
  104. Flóra 2012.
  105. Ripley 1879.
  106. Brubaker 2006, p. 92.
  107. Magocsi 2002.
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Sources

Primary sources

  • Anonymus, Notary of King Béla (c. 1200). Gesta Hungarorum [The Deeds of the Hungarians] (in Latin).

Secondary sources

Tertiary sources

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