Tolkien's monsters

Tolkien's later, wordless trolls have been compared to Grendel, a monster in Beowulf.[6] Illustration by J. R. Skelton, 1908

In the J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, Jonathan Evans initially identifies two categories of monster in Tolkien's Legendarium. The first includes Trolls, Orcs, and Balrogs, which are humanoid, but distorted in various ways; the second consists of malevolent beasts which resemble those of the natural world, but are much larger, such as the wolflike Wargs, the giant evil spiders – Ungoliant and her brood, the tentacled Watcher in the Water.[1] The featherless winged steeds of the Nazgûl are monstrous in the second way, gigantic but evidently based on nature, and "apt to evil".[1] Tolkien never names them, though he alludes to them as "fell beasts", and describes them in a letter as "pterodactylic".[T 1][T 2]

Evans notes that a third kind of monster, Tolkien's Dragons, "an especially important monstrous type", does not fit either of these categories,[1] and he treats those "extraordinarily large, reptilian creatures ... preternaturally evil monsters" separately.[7] Dragons are mentioned only in passing in The Lord of the Rings, but Dragons that can speak but which are certainly not humanoid are important characters in both The Silmarillion and The Hobbit.[7]

Tolkien was not always consistent in his allocation of monsters to these categories. In The Hobbit, the hill-trolls are initially comic; they are carnivorous but not particularly malevolent, have vulgar table manners, and speak, with Cockney accents. However, when the Wizard Gandalf outwits them, the scholar Christina Fawcett writes, these Trolls are seen as "monstrous, a warning against vice, captured forever in stone for their greed and anger".[6] The critic Gregory Hartley adds that the Trolls in The Silmarillion and The Lord of the Rings are "more bestial" and much less like the trolls of Norse mythology;[8] Fawcett compares them to the monster Grendel in Beowulf.[6] In Tolkien's description, "Olog-hai they were called in the Black Speech. That Sauron bred them none doubted, though from what stock was not known... Trolls they were, but filled with the evil will of their master: a fell race, strong, agile, fierce and cunning, but harder than stone. Unlike the older race of the Twilight they could endure the Sun, so long as the will of Sauron held sway over them. They spoke little, and the only tongue that they knew was the Black Speech of Barad-dûr."[T 3]

Other scholars sometimes add the Legendarium's powerful opponents to the list of monsters; Joe Abbott, writing in Mythlore, describes the Dark Lords Morgoth and Sauron as monsters, intelligent and powerful but wholly gone over to evil. Abbott notes that in The Monsters and the Critics, Tolkien distinguished between ordinary monsters in the body, and monsters also in spirit:[9]

The distinction [is] between a devilish ogre, and a devil revealing himself in ogre-form—between a monster, devouring the body and bringing temporal death, that is inhabited by a cursed spirit, and a spirit of evil aiming ultimately at the soul and bringing eternal death"[9]

By going beyond the limits of the body with these monstrous Dark Lords, Tolkien had in Abbott's view made the "ultimate transformation" for a Christian author, creating "a far more terrifying monster".[9]

Tolkien's Roman Catholicism gave him a clear sense of good and evil, and a ready symbolism to hand: light symbolises good, and darkness evil, as it does in the Bible.[10][11]

In The Fellowship of the Ring, the first evil being that the Hobbits encounter after leaving the Shire on the quest to destroy the One Ring is Old Man Willow, a powerful tree or tree-spirit who controls much of the Old Forest. He is wholly malevolent.[T 4][12] Outside the entrance to Moria, the Fellowship is again attacked, this time by the Watcher in the Water.[1] It specifically seizes Frodo, the ring-bearer, as if it knew and opposed the quest.[T 5] Evans comments that though clearly deadly dangerous, the monster is vague, only sketchily described in the text.[1]

Evans notes that "vaguer still", possibly not even living, are the "monstrous Watchers" that guard the gate of the Tower of Cirith Ungol, on a pass into the evil land of Mordor.[1] Tolkien describes them as aware, but immobile, with an indwelling "spirit of evil vigilance":[T 6]

They were like great figures seated upon thrones. Each had three joined bodies, and three heads facing outward, and inward, and across the gateway. The heads had vulture-faces, and on their great knees were laid clawlike hands. They seemed to be carved out of huge blocks of stone, immovable, and yet they were aware: some dreadful spirit of evil vigilance abode in them. They knew an enemy. Visible or invisible none could pass unheeded. They would forbid his entry, or his escape.[T 6]

The monstrous Watchers are defeated by the Elvish light of the Phial of Galadriel; Sam holds it up "and the shadows under the dark arch fled"; Sam sees "a glitter in the black stones of their eyes", full of malice, and their will is broken.[T 6]

The light of the Phial of Galadriel is effective, too, against Middle-earth's giant spider Shelob,[1][2] daughter of the line of the evil Ungoliant. Shelob is both evil and ancient, "bloated and grown fat with endless brooding on her feasts, weaving webs of shadow; for all living things were her food, and her vomit darkness".[1][T 7] The opposition of Galadriel and Shelob has been interpreted psychologically in terms of Jungian archetypes,[13] The medievalist Alaric Hall states more generally that in The Lord of the Rings, as in Beowulf and the Grettis saga, the opposition of protagonists and monsters is psychological as much as physical, since "heroes cannot defeat their enemies without taking something from them to themselves."[14] The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger writes that Galadriel's light is a splintered remnant of that of the Two Trees of Valinor, which were consumed into the limitless darkness of Shelob's earliest ancestor, Ungoliant. That light contained and symbolised divine power; its destruction was the embodiment of evil.[11]

Alive long past his expected lifespan, but monstrous:[T 8] Gollum by Frederic Bennet, 2014 (detail)

Other monsters in The Lord of the Rings are humanoid, but undead, like the barrow-wight who traps the Hobbits soon after they have left Tom Bombadil's house. Such wights are found in Norse mythology.[T 9][T 10] Far more powerful are the Nazgûl, undead and invisible but still physical ringwraiths, able to ride horses and to wield weapons; they were once kings of Men, but were trapped by Sauron with the gift of Rings of Power.[T 11][T 12] Gollum, too, once a member of a peaceful group of Hobbits, has become a desperate monster, alive but with his mind almost destroyed, constantly seeking the One Ring, after bearing it for many centuries.[T 13][T 8]

Orcs are depicted as wholly evil, meaning that they could be slaughtered without regret. All the same, Orcs are human-like in being able to speak, and in having a similar concept of good and evil, a moral sense of fairness, even if they are not able to apply their morals to themselves. This presented Tolkien, a devout Roman Catholic, with a problem: since "evil cannot make, only mock", the at least somewhat sentient and morally-aware Orcs could not have been created by evil as a genuinely new and separate species; but the alternative, that they were corrupted from one of Middle-earth's free peoples, such as Elves, would imply that they were fully sentient and had immortal souls, was equally unpalatable to him.[15][4] Tolkien realized that some of the decisions he had made in his 1937 children's book The Hobbit, showing his goblins (orcs)[1] as even slightly civilised, and giving his animals the power of speech, clearly implied sentience; this conflicted with the more measured theology behind his Legendarium.[8]

Wargs, great wolf-like beasts, can attack independently, as they do while the Fellowship of the Ring is going south from Rivendell,[T 14] and soon after Thorin's Company emerged from the Misty Mountains. That group of wargs in The Hobbit could speak, though never pleasantly.[T 15] Hartley treats wargs as "personified animals", noting that Tolkien writes about their actions using verbs like "[to] plan" and "[to] guard", implying in his view that the wargs are monstrous, "more than mere beasts"; but all the same, he denies that they "possess autonomous wills".[8]

Melkor has been compared to Lucifer as he is a powerful spirit-being and rebels against his creator.[16] Illustration of Lucifer for Dante Alighieri's Inferno, canto 33. Pietro di Piasi, Venice, 1491.

Some of Tolkien's monsters are certainly sentient, as they are angel-like beings, powerful Ainur, fallen into evil, just as in Christianity, the devil Lucifer is understood to be a fallen angel, having been indeed once the greatest of the angels. These characters had immortal souls, were created good by the one God (Eru Iluvatar in the Legendarium), but had made the choice of evil by their own free will.

The evil Lords of the Legendarium are extremely powerful. Melkor or as he became, Morgoth, particularly resembles Lucifer, as he is described as having been the most powerful of the Ainur, before he turned to darkness. He has indeed been interpreted as being analogous to Satan, as like Lucifer, he rebels against his creator.[16] He physically and symbolically destroys the Two Trees of Valinor, which brought light to the world. When some of their light is captured and embodied in the jewel-like Silmarils, he steals them and places them in his crown.[T 16][T 17]

Morgoth's servant, Sauron, was similarly described as the Dark Lord; he had been a Maia serving the Vala Aulë, but on betraying the other Maiar, because Morgoth's principal lieutenant, and then in the absence of Morgoth, the Dark Lord of Middle-earth in his own right. Tolkien has a character in The Lord of the Rings, Elrond, state that "Nothing is evil in the beginning. Even Sauron was not so."[17][9]

The fire-demons or Balrogs, too, come into this category, at least in Tolkien's later writings, where they were described as Maia corrupted by Melkor.[T 18] In The Lord of the Rings, the Wizard Gandalf names the Balrog of Khazad-Dum as "a foe beyond any of you" and "flame of Udun", meaning an immortal but evil being, with power similar to his own.[T 19][18]

This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.