List of things named after J. R. R. Tolkien and his works

The British author J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973) and the names of fictional characters and places he invented for his legendarium have become the namesake of various things around the world, including street names, mountains, companies, species of animals and plants, and other notable objects.

Astronomy
  • The asteroids 2991 Bilbo and 2675 Tolkien were both discovered and named in 1982.[1][2]
  • The Kuiper Belt object 385446 Manwë and its moon Thorondor were discovered in 2003.
  • The trans-Neptunian object 174567 Varda and its moon Ilmarë were discovered in 2006 and 2011 (respectively) and named in 2014.
  • The mars-crossing asteroid 378214 Sauron was discovered in 2007.
  • Mordor is the unofficial name of a large dark area near the north pole of Charon, Pluto's largest moon.[3][4] It is named after the shadow lands in Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, which it strongly resembles in shape. The discovery team has been using the name informally and may submit it to the International Astronomical Union.[5]
  • Several astronomical objects such as stars, nebulas and an entire galaxy have been nicknamed after the Eye of Sauron.

Geography of Titan
Further information: List of geological features on Titan

By convention, certain classes of features on Saturn's moon Titan are named after elements from Middle-earth.[6] Colles (small hills or knobs) are named for characters,[7] while montes (mountains) are named for mountains of Middle-earth.[8]

Colles
Collis[7]CoordinatesDiameter (km)Named after
Arwen Colles7.5°S 250.0°W / -7.5; -250.0 (Arwen)64Arwen, character from The Lord of the Rings
Bilbo Colles4.2°S 38.6°W / -4.2; -38.6 (Bilbo)164Bilbo Baggins, titular character of The Hobbit
Faramir Colles4.0°N 153.8°W / 4.0; -153.8 (Faramir)82Faramir, character from The Lord of the Rings
Gandalf Colles14.6°N 209.5°W / 14.6; -209.5 (Gandalf)102Gandalf, character from The Lord of the Rings
Handir Colles10.0°N 356.7°W / 10.0; -356.7 (Handir)100Handir, character from The Silmarillion
Nimloth Colles11.9°N 151.3°W / 11.9; -151.3 (Nimloth)90Nimloth, name of a character and a tree from Middle-earth

Montes
MonsCoordinatesNamed after
Angmar Montes10.0°S 221.0°W / -10.0; -221.0 (Angmar Montes)Mountains of Angmar
Dolmed Montes11.6°S 216.8°W / -11.6; -216.8 (Dolmed Montes)Mount Dolmed
Doom Mons14.65°S 40.42°W / -14.65; -40.42 (Doom Mons)Mount Doom
Echoriat Montes7.4°S 213.8°W / -7.4; -213.8 (Echoriat Montes)Echoriath
Erebor Mons4.97°S 36.23°W / -4.97; -36.23 (Erebor Mons)Erebor, the Lonely Mountain
Gram Montes9.9°S 207.9°W / -9.9; -207.9 (Gram Montes)Mount Gram
Irensaga Montes5.68°S 212.71°W / -5.68; -212.71 (Irensaga Montes)Irensaga
Merlock Montes8.9°S 211.8°W / -8.9; -211.8 (Merlock Montes)Merlock Mountains
Mindolluin Montes3.3°S 208.96°W / -3.3; -208.96 (Mindolluin Montes)Mindolluin
Misty Montes56.8°N 62.44°W / 56.8; -62.44 (Misty Montes)Misty Mountains
Mithrim Montes2.16°S 127.42°W / -2.16; -127.42 (Mithrim Montes)Mountains of Mithrim
Moria Montes15.1°N 190.5°W / 15.1; -190.5 (Moria Montes)Mountains of Moria
Rerir Montes4.8°S 212.1°W / -4.8; -212.1 (Rerir Montes)Mount Rerir
Taniquetil Montes3.67°S 213.26°W / -3.67; -213.26 (Taniquetil Montes)Taniquetil

Companies and other entities

Mountains
  • Three mountains in the Cadwallader Range of British Columbia, Canada, have been named after Tolkien's characters. These are Mount Shadowfax, Mount Gandalf and Mount Aragorn.[18][19]
  • On 1 December 2012, it was announced in the New Zealand press that a bid was launched for the New Zealand Geographic Board to name a mountain peak near Milford Sound after Tolkien for historical and literary reasons and to mark Tolkien's 121st birthday.[20]

Music

The new-age group Shadowfax took its name from Gandalf the White's horse named Shadowfax.

Ships

A gaff-topsail schooner of Netherlands registry used for passenger cruises on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere in European waters was named J.R. Tolkien in 1998.

Street names and places

The "Tolkien Road" in Eastbourne, East Sussex, was named after Tolkien whereas the "Tolkien Way" in Stoke-on-Trent is named after Tolkien's eldest son, Fr. John Francis Tolkien, who was the priest in charge at the nearby Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Angels and St. Peter in Chains.[21] In the Hall Green and Moseley areas of Birmingham there are a number of parks and walkways dedicated to J. R. R. Tolkien—most notably, the Millstream Way and Moseley Bog.[22] Collectively the parks are known as the Shire Country Parks.[22] In the Dutch town of Geldrop, near Eindhoven, the streets of an entire new neighbourhood are named after Tolkien himself ("Laan van Tolkien") and some of the best-known characters from his books. Also in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England there are a collection of roads in the 'Weston Village' named after locales of Middle Earth, namely Hobbiton Road, Bree Close, Arnor Close, Rivendell, Westmarch Way and Buckland Green.

In the Silicon Valley towns of Saratoga and San Jose in California, there are two housing developments with street names drawn from Tolkien's works. About a dozen Tolkien-derived street names also appear scattered throughout the town of Lake Forest, California. The Columbia, Maryland, neighbourhood of Hobbit's Glen and its street names (including Rivendell Lane, Tooks Way, and Oakenshield Circle) come from Tolkien's works.[23] The city of Carlsbad, California has a street named Tolkien Way. The Bend, Oregon housing development Forest Creek (formerly "The Shire") features the Tolkien-inspired names Ring Bearer Court, Shire Lane, and Wizard Lane.

Taxonomy

It has been noted that "Tolkien has been accorded formal taxonomic commemoration like no other author."[24] In the field of taxonomy, over 80 taxa (genera and species) have been given scientific names honouring, or deriving from, characters or other fictional elements from The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, and other works set in Middle-earth.[11] Several taxa have been named after the character Gollum (also known as Sméagol), as well as for various hobbits, the small humanlike creatures such as Bilbo and Frodo Baggins. Various elves, dwarves, and other creatures that appear in his writings as well as Tolkien himself have been honoured in the names of several species, including the amphipod Leucothoe tolkieni, and the wasp Shireplitis tolkieni. In 2004, the extinct hominid Homo floresiensis was described, and quickly earned the nickname "hobbit" due to its small size.[25] In 1978, paleontologist Leigh Van Valen named over 20 taxa of extinct mammals after Tolkien lore in a single paper.[26][27] In 1999, entomologist Lauri Kaila described 48 new species of Elachista moths and named 37 of them after Tolkien mythology.[11][28] The entomologist Karl-Johan Hedqvist, also a fan of Tolkien, named several wasp genera after Tolkien's characters.[29]

TaxonTypeNamed forNotesRef
Abacophrastus hobbit BeetleHobbits"an allusion to the setose dorsal surface of the tarsi, analogous to the hairy feet of Tolkien’s Hobbits"[30]
Acledra nazgulTrue bugNazgûl[31][32]
Aglaophenia bagginsHydrozoanBaggins family[33]
Aletodon mellonFossil mammalElvish languageMellon is the elvish word for "friend" that opened the doors to Moria[27]
Amphiledorus ungoliantaeSpiderUngoliantUngoliant is a giant spider.[34]
Astyanax lorienFishlorien, from the Quenya language meaning "Dream Land", used in allusion to the "beautiful areas" inhabited by the Brazilian species[35]
AncalagonPriapulidAncalagon the Black[36]
Anisonchus eowynaeFossil mammalÉowyn[27]
AnkalagonFossil mammalAncalagon the Black[27]
Ansonia smeagolToadGollum[37]
Anthracosuchus balrogusCrocodyliformBalrog[38]
Arctoceras ereboriAmmonoidErebor, the lonely mountain[39]
BaliniaWaspBalin[40]
BalrogiaWaspBalrogs[41]
BeornTardigradeBeorn[42]
BeorniaWaspBeorn[43]
BomburiaFossil mammalBombur, a dwarfLater renamed Bomburodon.[lower-alpha 1][27][45]
Borophagus orcFossil mammalOrcs[46]
Breviceps bagginsiFrogBilbo Baggins[47]
Bubogonia bombadili Fossil mammalTom Bombadil[27]
Chriacus calenancusFossil mammal"Sindarin (Elvish) calen, green; anca, Jaws. Reference is to inferred herbivory"[27]
Cristaphyes dordaidelosensisKinorhynchDor DaidelosArctic species named for "The Region of Everlasting Cold" in The Silmarillion[48]
Cristaphyes glaurungKinorhynchGlaurung, a dragon[48]
Cristaphyes scathaKinorhynchScatha the Worm[48]
Claenodon mumakFossil mammalMûmakil, the elephants of Middle-earth[27]
Deltatherium duriniFossil mammalDurin, name of several dwarvesAllusion is to size, being two-thirds the size of Deltatherium fundaminis[27]
Desmatoclaenus mearaeFossil mammalMearas, the horses of Rohan[27]
EarendilFossil mammalEärendil[27]
Elachista aerinellaMothAerin, a human[28]
Elachista amrodellaMothAmrod, an elf[28]
Elachista aranellaMothAran-,"E. aranella seems to owe its name to aran-, the 'royal prefix used by the Kings of Arthedain after Malvegil and by the Chieftains of the Dúnedain of the North to indicate their claim to all of Arnor'".[49][28]
Elachista aredhellaMothAredhel, an elf[28]
Elachista arthadellaMothArthad, a human[28]
Elachista beorellaMothBëor, a human[28]
Elachista bregorellaMothBregor, a human[28]
Elachista caranthirellaMothCaranthir, an elf[28]
Elachista curufinellaMothCurufin, an elf[28]
Elachista daeronellaMothDaeron, an elf[28]
Elachista dagnirellaMothDagnir, a human[28]
Elachista diorellaMothDior Eluchíl[28]
Elachista eilinellaMothEilinel, a human[28]
Elachista finarfinellaMothFinarfin, an elf[28]
Elachista galadellaMothGaladhrim, the Silvan Elves[28]
Elachista gildorellaMothGildor Inglorion, an elf[28]
Elachista gorlimellaMothGorlim, a human[28]
Elachista haldarellaMothHaldar, a human[28]
Elachista ibunellaMothIbûn, a dwarf[28]
Elachista indisellaMothIndis, an elf[28]
Elachista maglorellaMothMaglor, an elf[28]
Elachista marachellaMothMarach, a human[28]
Elachista miriellaMothMíriel Serindë, an elf[28]
Elachista morwenellaMothMorwen, a human[28]
Elachista neithanellaMothTúrin, a humanNeithan is a pseudonym of Túrin.[11][28]
Elachista nienorellaMothNiënor, a human[28]
Elachista olorinellaMothGandalfFrom Gandalf's alternate name Olórin[28]
Elachista ragnorellaMothRagnor, a human[28]
Elachista rianellaMothRían, a human[28]
Elachista telcharellaMothTelchar, a dwarf[28]
Elachista telerellaMothTeleri[28]
Elachista turgonellaMothTurgon, an elf, founder of Gondolin[28]
Elachista tuorellaMothTuor, a human[28]
Elachista turinellaMothTúrin, a human[28]
EntiaWaspEntsA synonym for Boucekastichus[50][51]
FimbrethilFossil mammalFimbrethil, the lost wife of Treebeard[27]
Fimbrethil ambaronae Fossil mammalAmbaróna, a name for the forest Fangorn[27]
FrodospiraGastropodFrodo Baggins[52]
Gabrius tolkieniBeetleJ. R. R. Tolkien[53]
Galaxias gollumoidesFishGollumGollumoides means "Gollum-like".[11][54]
Gallogramma galadrieliPrehistoric insectGaladriel[55]
GandalfiaFlatwormGandalf[56]
GandalfusCrabGandalfA crab from the waters of New Zealand, where the Peter Jackson trilogy was filmed[57]
GildoriaWaspGildor Inglorion, an elf[58]
GimliaWaspGimli[40]
GlaurungWeigeltisauridGlaurung, a dragon[59]
GollumFishGollum[60]
GollumiellaWaspGollum[61]
GollumjapyxDipluranGollum[62]
Gollumjapyx smeagolDipluranGollum[62]
GwaihiriaWaspGwaihir, Lord of the Eagles[63]
Helicops nenturSnakeElvish language"The name nentur is formed by the (Quenya) words nen (water) and tur (ruler, master)," referencing the aquatic habits of the species[64]
Iandumoema smeagolHarvestmanGollum[65]
Ingerophrynus gollumToadGollum[66]
KhamulWaspKhamûl, a Nazgûl[67]
Khamul gothmogiWaspGothmog, Lord of the Balrogs[67]
Khamul tolkeiniWaspJ. R. R. Tolkien[67]
Laparocerus hobbitBeetleHobbits"The specific epithet ... refers to the Hobbits ... a literary fictitious race of people who have big and hairy feet; a metaphor of the swollen and hairy tarsi characteristic of this species."[68]
LegolasiaWaspLegolas[69]
Leucothoe tolkieniAmphipodJ. R. R. Tolkien[70][71]
Litaletes ondolinde Fossil mammalOndolindë, an alternate name of the Elven city Gondolin[27]
Litoria sauroniFrogSauron[72]
Lopholatilus ereborensis FishErebor, the Lonely Mountain[73]
Lotharingius frodoiCoccolithophoreFrodo Baggins[74]
Macrostyphlus bilboBeetleBilbo Baggins
Macrostyphlus frodoBeetleFrodo Baggins[63]
Macrostyphlus gandalfBeetleGandalf[63]
Marjumia bagginsiTrilobiteBilbo Baggins[75]
Martesia (Paramartesia) tolkieniClamJ. R. R. Tolkien"The name tolkieni honors the late J.R.R. Tolkien, creator of The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and many delightful creatures of long ago in the time of Middle-earth."[76]
Mimatuta minuialFossil mammalElvish language[27]
Mimatuta morgoth Fossil mammalMorgoth[27]
Mimotricentes mirielae Fossil mammalMíriel Ar-Zimraphel, a queen of Númenor[27]
MithrandirFossil mammalGandalf[27]
NazguliaWaspNazgûl[77]
Nemesia ungoliantSpiderUngoliant[78]
NiphredilFossil mammalNiphredil, a flower in Middle Earth[27]
Niphredil radagasti Fossil mammalRadagast the Brown[27]
Ochyrocera laracnaSpiderShelob"Laracna" is Shelob's name in Portuguese[79]
Ochyrocera ungoliantSpiderUngoliant[79]
OiniaWaspÓin, a dwarf[40]
Odontonia bagginsiShrimpBaggins family[80]
Oxyprimus galadrielae Fossil mammalGaladriel[27]
Paraortygoides radagastiBirdRadagast"For the wizard of Middle Earth, Radagast the Brown, rabid communicator with birds"[81]
Pericompsus bilboBeetleBilbo Baggins"These beetles are short and robust much like Bilbo."[82]
Planois smaugTrue bugSmaug[83][84]
Platymastus palantir Fossil mammalPalantir[27]
Protoselene bombadiliFossil mammalTom Bombadil[27]
Protungulatum gorgunFossil mammalOrcs"Etymology: Gorgûn, the Woses' name for orcs in The Lord of the Rings, with reference to the Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation"[27]
Pseudopallenis palantirBeetlePalantir

[85]

Psylla frodobagginsiPsyllidFrodo Baggins[86]
Pycnophyes ancalagonKinorhynchAncalagon the Black, a dragon[48]
Saurodocus hobbitAmphipodHobbits[87]
SauronSpiderSauron[88]
SauroniopsDinosaurSauronThe name has the intended meaning of "Eye of Sauron".[89]
ShireplitisWaspThe Shire[90]
Shireplitis bilboiWaspBilbo Baggins[90]
Shireplitis frodoiWaspFrodo Baggins[90]
Shireplitis meriadociWaspMeriadoc Brandybuck[90]
Shireplitis peregriniWaspPeregrin Took[90]
Shireplitis samwiseiWaspSamwise Gamgee[90]
Shireplitis tolkieniWaspJ. R. R. Tolkien[90]
SmaugLizardSmaug[91]
SmeagolGastropodGollum[11][92]
SmeagoliaWaspGollum[11][77]
Syconycteris hobbitBatHobbits[11][93]
Tamolia ancalagonTrue bugAncalagon the Black[94]
Tetramorium nazgul AntNazgûl[95]
Tetramorium smaugAntSmaug[95]
Thangorodrim thalionFossil mammalThangorodrim"Sindarin (Elvish) thalion, strong. Reference is to the massive morphology of the jaws and the generic name"[27]
TinuvielFossil mammalTinuviel, an Elf[27]
Unicauda fimbrethilaeMyxozoanFimbrethil[96]
YavannaTree fernYavanna[97]
VanimaButterflyVanimaIn Quenya (elvish) vanima means beautiful[98]

See also

Notes
  1. Bomburia is also a genus of wasps, but was named for the dwarf of Norse mythology[44]

References
  1. "(2991) Bilbo = 1982 HV = 1982 KB2 = 1975 JC = 1979 SY3". IAU Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  2. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2675 Tolkien (1982 GB)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  3. Nemiroff, Robert; Bonnell, Jerry (17 July 2015). "APOD: 2015 July 17 – Charon". Astronomy Picture of the Day. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  4. Lendino, Jamie (15 July 2015). "NASA unveils historic, high-resolution Pluto, Charon, and Hydra photos from New Horizons mission". Extremetech.com. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  5. Stockton, Nick (2015). "Charon Comes into Focus in New Horizons' Latest Photos". Wired. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  6. "Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  7. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Titan Colles". Planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  8. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Titan Mons, Montes". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved 28 February 2016.
  9. Appelcline, Shannon (2011). Designers & Dragons. Mongoose Publishing. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-907702-58-7.
  10. "About". Middle-earth Enterprises. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14.
  11. Larsen 2007
  12. "Strategy". Lembas Capital. 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  13. "The Tolkien Trust - Extract from the Central Register of Charities maintained by the Charity Commission for England and Wales". Charity Commission. Archived from the original on 2009-02-19. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  14. "WWF-UK Annual Review 2007-Supporters". WWF-UK. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
  15. "Home". Anduril Industries. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  16. "MITHRIL - A Social Network that rewards all content creators". mith.io. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
  17. Thompson, Lenn (26 October 2007). "Rivendell Winery Location for Sale in the Hudson Valley". New York Cork Report. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  18. "Mount Gandalf". BC Geographical Names. The Province of British Columbia. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  19. "Mount Shadowfax". BC Geographical Names. The Province of British Columbia. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  20. "Unnamed peak could be named Mt Tolkien". Stuff.co.nz. Fairfax New Zealand Limited. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  21. "People of Stoke-on-Trent". Retrieved 13 March 2005.
  22. "Nature reserve remembers Baggins". BBC News. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  23. Phillips, Bethan (13 March 2012). "The Hobbit in battle with Hollywood". Southern Daily Echo. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  24. Beck, Julie (3 May 2015). "Science's Love Affair with The Lord of the Rings". The Atlantic. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  25. Aiello, Leslie C. (2010). "Five years of Homo floresiensis". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 142 (2): 167–179. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21255. PMID 20229502.
  26. Gee 2004, p. 55
  27. Van Valen, L. M. (1978). "The beginning of the Age of Mammals". Evolutionary Theory. 4: 45–80. Taxonomic summary
  28. Kaila, Lauri (1999). "A revision of the Nearctic species of the genus Elachista s.l. III. The bifasciella, praelineata, saccharella and freyerella groups (Lepidoptera, Elachistidae)". Acta Zoologica Fennica. 211: 1–235.
  29. Hansson, Christer (2010). "Till minne av Karl-Johan Hedqvist" [In memory of Karl-Johan Hedqvist] (PDF). Entomologisk Tidskrift (in Swedish). 131: 137–144.
  30. Will, Kipling (16 November 2011). "Taxonomic review of the Pterostichini and Loxandrini fauna of New Caledonia (Coleoptera, Carabidae)". ZooKeys (147): 337–397. doi:10.3897/zookeys.147.1943. PMC 3286263. PMID 22371668.
  31. Faúndez, Eduardo; Rider, David; Carvajal, Mariom (2016). "Sobre la identidad de Acledra (Acledra) gregalis Berg, 1878, y descripción de una especie nueva de Acledra Signoret, 1864 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae)". Arquivos Entomolóxicos (in Spanish). 16: 67–72.
  32. "South American Stink Bug Named after J. R. R. Tolkien's Nazgûl". Entomology Today. September 7, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
  33. Soto Àngel, Joan J.; Peña Cantero, Álvaro L. (2017). "Inhabitant or visitor? Unexpected finding of Aglaophenia (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in Antarctic waters". Antarctic Science. 29 (4): 331–339. Bibcode:2017AntSc..29..331S. doi:10.1017/S0954102017000049.
  34. Pekár, S.; Cardoso, P. (2005). "Ant-eating spiders (Araneae: Zodariidae) of Portugal: additions to the current knowledge". Zootaxa. 1009 (1009): 51–60. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1009.1.5.
  35. ZANATA, ANGELA M.; BURGER, RAFAEL; CAMELIER, PRISCILA (2018). "Two new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Paraguaçu basin, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil". Zootaxa. 4438 (3): 471–490. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4438.3.3. PMID 30313131.
  36. Conway Morris, S (1977). "Fossil priapulid worms" (PDF). Special Papers in Palaeontology. 20: 55.
  37. Davis, H. R.; Grismer, L. L.; Klabacka, R. L.; Muin, M. A.; Quah, E. S. H.; Anuar, S.; Wood, P. J.; Sites, J. W. (2016). "The phylogenetic relationships of a new Stream Toad of the genus Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from a montane region in Peninsular Malaysia". Zootaxa. 4103 (2): 137–53. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4103.2.4. PMID 27394624.
  38. Hastings, Alexander K.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Jaramillo, Carlos A. (2014). "A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia". Historical Biology. 27 (8): 1–23. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.723.709. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.918968.
  39. Piazza, Veronica; Hammer, Øyvind; Jattiot, Romain (2017). "New late Smithian (Early Triassic) ammonoids from the Lusitandiadalan Member, Vikinghøgda Formation, Svalbard" (PDF). Norwegian Journal of Geology. 97 (2): 105–117. doi:10.17850/njg97-2-03.
  40. Hedqvist, Karl-Johan (1978). "Four new genera and species of the subfamily Euderinae from Brazil (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)" (PDF). Entomologica Scandinavica. 9 (1): 63–67. doi:10.1163/187631278x00223.
  41. Hedqvist, Karl-Johan (1977). "Two new genera and species of Pteromalidae from Brazil (Hymenoptera)". Entomologica Scandinavica. 8 (1): 78–80. doi:10.1163/187631277X00134.
  42. Cooper, Kenneth W. (1964). "The first fossil tardigrade: Beorn leggi Cooper, from Cretaceous amber". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 71 (2): 41–48. doi:10.1155/1964/48418.
  43. Hedqvist, Karl-Johan (1975). "Notes on Chalcidoidea. VIII. The Swedish Chrysolampini with description of a new genus and species (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae)" (PDF). Ent. Tids. 96 (3–4): 133–136.
  44. Hedqvist, Karl-Johan (1978). "A new subfamily and two new genera and species from the New World (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae)" (PDF). Entomologica Scandinavica. 9 (2): 135–139. doi:10.1163/187631278x00070.
  45. Williamson, Thomas E.; Carr, Thomas D. (2012). "Bomburodon, a new name for the Paleocene mammal Bomburia Van Valen, 1978". Journal of Paleontology. 86 (3): 567. doi:10.1666/12-013.1.
  46. Webb, S. David (1969). "The Pliocene Canidae of Florida". Bulletin of the Florida State Museum. 14 (4): 273–308.
  47. Minter, Leslie R. (June 2003). "Two new cryptic species of Breviceps (Anura: Microhylidae) from Southern Africa". African Journal of Herpetology. 52 (1): 9–21. doi:10.1080/21564574.2003.9635473.
  48. Sørensen, Martin Vinther; Grzelak, Katarzyna (2018). "New mud dragons from Svalbard: three new species of Cristaphyes and the first Arctic species of Pycnophyes (Kinorhyncha: Allomalorhagida: Pycnophyidae)". PeerJ. 6: e5653. doi:10.7717/peerj.5653. PMC 6166639. PMID 30280030.
  49. Larsen 2007, citing: Foster, Robert (2001). The Complete Guide to Middle-earth. New York: Ballantine. p. 23.
  50. "A new genus and species from Romania [sic!], representing a new family (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)" (PDF). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne. 44 (2): 253–254. 1974.
  51. "Taxon details". Fauna Europaea. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  52. Wagner, P. J. (1999). "The utility of fossil data in phylogenetic analyses: a likelihood example using Ordovician-Silurian species of the Lophospiridae (Gastropoda: Murchisoniina)". American Malacological Bulletin. 15 (1): 1–31.
  53. Schillhammer, H. (1997). "Taxonomic revision of the oriental species of Gabrius Stephens (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)". Monographs on Coleoptera: 1–139.
  54. Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "Galaxias gollumoides" in FishBase. March 2006 version.
  55. Garrouste, Romain; Lapeyrie, Jean; Steyer, Jean-Sebastien; Giner, Stephen; Nel, Andre (2017). "Insects in the Red Middle Permian of Southern France: first Protanisoptera (Odonatoptera) and new Caloneurodea (Panorthoptera), with biostratigraphical implications". Historical Biology. 30 (4): 546–553. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1301448.
  56. Willems, W.; Artois, T.; Vermin, W.; Backeljau, T.; Schockaert, E. (2005). ""Typhloplanoida" (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from the Indian Ocean, with the description of six new taxa". Journal of Natural History. 39 (19): 1561–1582. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.688.5041. doi:10.1080/00222930400014239.
  57. McLay, Colin (2007). "New crabs from hydrothermal vents of the Kermadec Ridge submarine volcanoes, New Zealand: Gandalfus gen. nov.(Bythograeidae) and Xenograpsus (Varunidae)(Decapoda: Brachyura)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1524: 1–22. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1524.1.1.
  58. "Contribution to the knowledge of the family Braconidae from Canary Islands. (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea). I. A new genus and species of subfamily Doryctinae" (PDF). Vieraea. 3 (1–2): 29–32. 1973.
  59. Bulanov, V. V.; Sennikov, A. G. (2015). "Glaurung schneideri gen. et sp. nov., a new weigeltisaurid (Reptilia) from the Kupfershiefer (Upper Permian) of Germany". Paleontological Journal. 49 (12): 1353–1364. doi:10.1134/S0031030115120035.
  60. Compagno, L. J. V. "Ctenacis and Gollum, two new genera of sharks (Selachii; Carcharhinidae)". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 39 (14): 257–272.
  61. Hedqvist, Karl-Johan (1978). "Some Chalcidoidea collected in the Philippine, Bismarck and Solomon Islands, 2. Eucharitidae, with keys and check-lists to Indo-Australian genera (Insecta, Hymenoptera)". Steenstrupia. 4: 227–248.
  62. A. Sendra; V. Ortuno; A. Moreno; S. Montagud; S. Teruel (2006). "Gollumjapyx smeagol gen. n., an enigmatic hypogean japygid (Diplura: Japygidae) from the eastern Iberian Peninsula" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1372: 35–52. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1372.1.4.
  63. Gee 2004, p. 54
  64. Costa, Henrique C.; Santana, Diego J.; Leal, Fernando; Koroiva, Ricardo; Garcia, Paulo C.A. (2016). "A New Species of Helicops (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Hydropsini) from Southeastern Brazil". Herpetologica. 72 (2): 157–166. doi:10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-15-00059.
  65. Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo; Fonseca-Ferreira, Rafael; Bichuette, Maria (2015). "A new highly specialized cave harvestman from Brazil and the first blind species of the genus: Iandumoema smeagol sp. n. (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)". ZooKeys (537): 79–95. doi:10.3897/zookeys.537.6073. PMC 4714048. PMID 26798238.
  66. Grismer, L. Lee (2007). "A new species of Ingerophrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rain forest in southern peninsular Malaysia". Journal of Herpetology. 41 (2): 225–230. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[225:ANSOIA]2.0.CO;2.
  67. Gates, M. W. (2008). "Description of Khamul, gen. n.(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eurytomidae), with a hypothesis of its phylogenetic placement". Zootaxa (1898): 1–33.
  68. Machado, A. (2008). "New taxa of Laparocerus Schönherr, 1834 from Madeira and Porto Santo, with a key to the species of the Madeiran archipelago (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)". Graellsia. 64 (2): 307–328. doi:10.3989/graellsia.2008.v64.i2.40.
  69. Hedqvist, Karl-Johan (1974). "Legolasia dinotiscoides gen. n., sp. n. and Trychnosoma ernobii sp. n., Two New Pteromalids from Sweden (Pteromalidae)". Entomologisk Tidskrift. 95: 117–121.
  70. Vinogradov, G.M. (1990). "Amphipoda (Crustacea) in the pelagic zone of the southeastern Pacific Ocean (in Russian)". Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR. 124: 27–104.
  71. Thomas, James Darwin (22 July 2009). "Leucothoidae species (version 7.09) [includes Anamixidae (sensu lato)]" (PDF). Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  72. Richards, Steven J.; Oliver, P. M. (2006). "Two new species of large green canopy-dwelling frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) from Papua New Guinea". Zootaxa. 1295 (1295): 41–60. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1295.1.3.
  73. Carnevale, Giorgio; Godfrey, Stephen J. (2014). "Tilefish (Teleostei, Malacanthidae) remains from the Miocene Calvert Formation, Maryland and Virginia: taxonomical and paleoecological remarks". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1018–1032. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.845202.
  74. Mattioli, Emanuela (1996). "New calcareous nannofossil species from the Early Jurassic of Tethys". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 102 (3): 397–412.
  75. Melzak, Adam; Westrop, Stephen R. (June 1994). "Mid-Cambrian (Marjuman) trilobites from the Pika Formation, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, Alberta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 31 (6): 969–985. Bibcode:1994CaJES..31..969M. doi:10.1139/e94-086.
  76. Kennedy, George L. (1974). "West American Cenozoic Pholadidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)". Memoirs of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 8 (59): 59–60.
  77. Hedqvist, Karl-Johan (1974). "Two New Genera and Species of the Family Pteromalidae from Sweden" (PDF). Entomologica Scandinavica. 4 (3): 237–240. doi:10.1163/1876312X74X00100.
  78. Decae, A.; Cardoso, P.; Selden, P. (2007). "Taxonomic review of the Portuguese Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae)" (PDF). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología. 14: 1–18.
  79. Brescovit, Antonio D.; Cizauskas, Igor; Mota, Leandro P. (2018). "Seven new species of the spider genus Ochyrocera from caves in Floresta Nacional de Carajás, PA, Brazil (Araneae, Ochyroceratidae)". ZooKeys (726): 87–130. doi:10.3897/zookeys.726.19778. PMC 5799772. PMID 29416386.
  80. de Gier, Werner; Fransen, Charles H.J.M. (2018). "Odontonia plurellicola sp. n. and Odontonia bagginsi sp. n., two new ascidian-associated shrimp from Ternate and Tidore, Indonesia, with a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae)". ZooKeys (765): 123–160. doi:10.3897/zookeys.765.25277. PMC 6002420. PMID 29910665.
  81. Dyke, Gareth J.; Gulas, Bonnie E. (2002). "The fossil galliform bird Paraortygoides from the Lower Eocene of the United Kingdom" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. 3360: 1–14. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2002)360<0001:TFGBPF>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/2913.
  82. Erwin, T. L. (1974). "Studies of the subtribe Tachyina (Coleoptera: Garabidae: Bembidiini), part II: a revision of the New World-Australian genus Pericompsus LeConte". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 162: 1–96.
  83. Faúndez, Eduardo (19 June 2015). "Patagonian Shield Bug Named After Middle's Earth's Smaug the Dragon". Entomology Today. Entomological Society of America. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  84. Carvajal, Mariom A.; Faúndez, Eduardo I.; Rider, David A. (2015). "Contribución al conocimiento de los Acanthosomatidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) de la Región de Magallanes, con descripción de una nueva especie". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia (Chile). 43 (1): 145–151. doi:10.4067/s0718-686x2015000100013. Archived from the original on 2015-06-22.
  85. Kolibac, J. (1997). "Classification of the subfamilies of Cleridae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea)". Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae Naturales. 81: 307–361.
  86. Martoni, Francesco (2019). "Resolving an 87-year-old taxonomical curiosity with the description of Psylla frodobagginsi sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psyllidae), a second distinct Psylla species on the New Zealand endemic plant kōwhai". PLoS ONE. 14 (9): e0221316. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221316.
  87. Yerman, Michelle N.; Krapp-Schickel, Traudl (2008). "A new genus and two new species of Saurodocus (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Melitidae) from Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia". Zootaxa. 1820 (1820): 60–66. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1820.1.5.
  88. Eskov, K. Y.; Marusik, Y. M. (1995). "On the spiders from Saur Mt. range, eastern Kazakhstan (Arachnida: Araneae)". Beiträge zur Araneologie. 4: 55–94.
  89. Cau, Andrea; Dalla Vecchia, Fabio M.; Fabbri, Matteo (2013). "A thick-skulled theropod (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco with implications for carcharodontosaurid cranial evolution". Cretaceous Research. 40: 251–260. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.09.002.
  90. Fernandez-Triana, J; Ward, DF; Cardinal, S; Van Achterberg, C (2013). "A review of Paroplitis (Braconidae, Microgastrinae), and description of a new genus from New Zealand, Shireplitis, with convergent morphological traits". Zootaxa. 3722 (4): 549–568. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3722.4.6. PMID 26171541.
  91. Stanley, Edward L.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Jackman, Todd R.; Branch, William R.; Mouton, P. Le Fras N. (2011). "Between a rock and a hard polytomy: Rapid radiation in the rupicolous girdled lizards (Squamata: Cordylidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (1): 53–70. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.024. PMID 20816817.
  92. Climo, F. M. (1980). "Smeagolida, a new order of gymnomorph mollusc from New Zealand based on a new genus and species". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 7 (4): 513–522. doi:10.1080/03014223.1980.11760683.
  93. Helgen, K.; Bonaccorso, F. (2008). "Syconycteris hobbit". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T21183A9246881. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T21183A9246881.en.
  94. Faúndez, Eduardo (23 December 2015). "New giant Stink Bug Named after J. R. R. Tolkien's Ancalagon the Black". Entomological Society of America. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
  95. Hita Garcia, Francisco; Fisher, Brian L. (19 December 2012). The ant genus Tetramorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Malagasy region—taxonomic revision of the T. kelleri and T. tortuosum species groups (PDF). Zootaxa. pp. 1–85. ISBN 978-1-77557-073-8. ISSN 1175-5334.
  96. Rosser, Thomas G.; Alberson, Neely R.; Baumgartner, Wes A.; Mauel, Michael J.; Pote, Linda M.; Griffin, Matt J. (2016). "Morphological, Histological, and Molecular Description of Unicauda fimbrethilae n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) from the Intestinal Tract of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus". Journal of Parasitology. 102 (1): 105–113. doi:10.1645/15-810. PMID 26377372.
  97. Vera, Ezequiel Ignacio (2013). "New cyathealean tree fern, Yavanna chimaerica gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous of Livingston Island, Antarctica". Cretaceous Research. 44: 214–222. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.011.
  98. Zacca, T.; Casagrande, M. M.; Mielke, O. H.; Huertas, B.; Espeland, M.; Freitas, A. V. L.; Willmott, K. R.; Nakahara, N.; Lamas, G. (2020). "Revalidation of Vareuptychia Forster, 1964, description of Vanima gen. nov., and notes on Euptychia cleophes Godman & Salvin, 1889 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)". Zootaxa. 4858 (1): 1–34. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.1.
Works cited

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.