Tom Lehrer

Thomas Andrew Lehrer (/ˈlɛərər/; born April 9, 1928) is a retired American musician, singer-songwriter, satirist, and mathematician. He has lectured on mathematics and musical theater. He is best known for the pithy and humorous songs that he recorded in the 1950s and 1960s. His songs often parodied popular musical forms, though he usually created original melodies when doing so. A notable exception is "The Elements", in which he set the names of the chemical elements to the tune of the "Major-General's Song" from Gilbert and Sullivan's Pirates of Penzance.

Tom Lehrer
Lehrer performing in 1960
Background information
Birth nameThomas Andrew Lehrer
Born (1928-04-09) April 9, 1928
Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Genres
Occupation(s)
  • Singer-songwriter
  • satirist
  • mathematician
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • piano
Years active
  • 1945–1971
  • 1980
  • 1998
Labels
Associated actsJoe Raposo
Websitetomlehrer.com

Lehrer's early musical work typically dealt with non-topical subject matter and was noted for its black humor in songs such as "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park". In the 1960s, he produced a number of songs that dealt with social and political issues of the day, particularly when he wrote for the U.S. version of the television show That Was the Week That Was. The popularity of these songs has far outlasted their topical subjects and references. Lehrer quoted a friend's explanation: "Always predict the worst and you'll be hailed as a prophet."[1] In the early 1970s, Lehrer largely retired from public performances to devote his time to teaching mathematics and musical theater history at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

Early life
Lehrer in Loomis School's 1943 yearbook

Tom Lehrer was born in 1928 to a secular Jewish family and grew up on Manhattan's Upper East Side.[2][3] He began studying classical piano at the age of seven, but was more interested in the popular music of the age. Eventually, his mother also sent him to a popular-music piano teacher.[4] At this early age, he began writing show tunes, which eventually helped him as a satirical composer and writer in his years of lecturing at Harvard University noting the influence of one of his professors, Irving Kaplansky,[5][6] and later at other universities.[7]

Lehrer attended the Horace Mann School in Riverdale, New York, part of The Bronx.[2][8] He also attended Camp Androscoggin, both as a camper and a counselor.[9] Lehrer was considered a child prodigy and entered Harvard College at the age of 15 after graduating from Loomis School.[2] As a mathematics undergraduate student at Harvard College, he began to write comic songs to entertain his friends, including "Fight Fiercely, Harvard" (1945). Those songs were later named collectively The Physical Revue,[10] a joking reference to a leading scientific journal, the Physical Review.

Academic and military career

He graduated Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from Harvard University, magna cum laude,[11] in 1946.[12] At Harvard, he was the roommate of the Canadian theologian Robert Crouse.[13] He received his AM degree the next year and was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa.[14] He later taught mathematics and other classes at MIT, Harvard, Wellesley, and the University of California, Santa Cruz.[15] Lehrer remained in Harvard's doctoral program for several years, taking time out for his musical career and to work as a researcher at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.[16]

He was drafted into the U.S. Army from 1955 to 1957, working at the National Security Agency (NSA). (Lehrer has stated that he invented the Jello shot during this time, as a means of circumventing the base's ban on alcoholic beverages.)[16] Despite holding a master's degree in an era when American conscripts often lacked a high school diploma, Lehrer served as an enlisted soldier, achieving the rank of Specialist Third Class (later retitled "Specialist-4" and currently "Specialist"), which he described as being a "corporal without portfolio".[17] These experiences became fodder for songs, such as "The Wild West is Where I Want to Be" and "It Makes a Fellow Proud to Be a Soldier".[18] It was many years before Lehrer publicly revealed that he had been assigned to the NSA, since the mere fact of its existence was classified at the time; this left him in the interesting position of implicitly using nuclear weapons work as a cover story for something more sensitive.

In 1960, Lehrer returned to full-time math studies at Harvard.[8]

From 1962, Lehrer taught in the political science department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[19] In 1965 he gave up on his mathematical dissertation on modes in statistics, after having worked on it intermittently for 15 years.[2]

In 1972, Lehrer joined the faculty of the University of California, Santa Cruz, teaching an introductory course entitled The Nature of Mathematics to liberal arts majors—"math for tenors", according to Lehrer. He also taught a class in musical theater. He occasionally performed songs in his lectures, primarily those relating to the topic.[6]

In 2001, Lehrer taught his last mathematics class, on the topic of infinity, and retired from academia.[20][21] He has remained in the area, and in 2003 said he still "hangs out" around the University of California, Santa Cruz.[22]

Mathematical publications

The American Mathematical Society database lists him as co-author of two papers:

  • R. E. Fagen; T. A. Lehrer (March 1958). "Random walks with restraining barrier as applied to the biased binary counter". Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 6 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1137/0106001. JSTOR 2098858. MR 0094856.
  • T. Austin; R. Fagen; T. Lehrer; W. Penney (1957). "The distribution of the number of locally maximal elements in a random sample". Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 28 (3): 786–790. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177706893. MR 0091251.

Musical career

Style and influences

Lehrer was mainly influenced by musical theater. According to Gerald Nachman's book Seriously Funny,[23] the Broadway musical Let's Face It! (by Cole Porter) made an early and lasting impression on him. Lehrer's style consists of parodying various forms of popular song. For example, his appreciation of list songs led him to write "The Elements", which lists the chemical elements to the tune of Gilbert and Sullivan's "Major-General's Song".

In author Isaac Asimov's second autobiographical volume In Joy Still Felt, Asimov recounted seeing Lehrer perform in a Boston nightclub on October 9, 1954. Lehrer sang cleverly about Jim getting it from Louise, and Sally from Jim, "...and after a while you gathered the 'it' was venereal disease [the song was likely "I Got It From Sally" (in later versions "Agnes")]. Suddenly, as the combinations grew more grotesque, you realized he was satirizing every known perversion without using a single naughty phrase. It was clearly unsingable (in those days) outside a nightclub." Asimov also recalled a song that dealt with the Boston subway system, making use of the stations leading into town from Harvard, observing that the local subject-matter rendered the song useless for general distribution. Lehrer subsequently granted Asimov permission to print the lyrics to the subway song in his book. "I haven't gone to nightclubs often," said Asimov, "but of all the times I have gone, it was on this occasion that I had by far the best time."[24]

Recordings

Lehrer was encouraged by the success of his performances, so he paid $15 (equivalent to $143 in 2019) for some studio time in 1953 to record Songs by Tom Lehrer. The initial pressing was 400 copies. Radio stations would not air his songs because of his controversial subjects, so he sold the album on campus at Harvard for $3, equivalent to $29 in 2019, while "several stores near the Harvard campus sold it for $3.50, taking only a minimal markup as a kind of community service. Newsstands on campus sold it for the same price."[25] After one summer, he started to receive mail orders from all parts of the country, as far away as San Francisco, after the San Francisco Chronicle wrote an article on the record.[26] Interest in his recordings spread by word of mouth. People played their records for friends, who then also wanted a copy.[27] Lehrer recalled, "Lacking exposure in the media, my songs spread slowly. Like herpes, rather than ebola."[28]

The album included the macabre "I Hold Your Hand in Mine", the mildly risqué "Be Prepared", and "Lobachevsky" regarding plagiarizing mathematicians. It became a cult success by word of mouth, despite being self-published and without promotion. Lehrer embarked on a series of concert tours and recorded a second album in 1959. He released the second album in two versions: the songs were the same, but More of Tom Lehrer was a studio recording and An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer was recorded live in concert. In 2013, Lehrer recalled the studio session for "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park", which referred to the practice of controlling pigeons in Boston with strychnine-treated corn:[29]

The copyist arrived at the last minute with the parts and passed them out to the band... And there was no title on it, and there was no lyrics. And so they ran through it, "What a pleasant little waltz".... And the engineer said, "'Poisoning Pigeons in the Park,' take one," and the piano player said, "What?" and literally fell off the stool.[30]

Touring

Lehrer had a breakthrough in the United Kingdom on December 4, 1957, when the University of London awarded a doctor of music degree honoris causa to Princess Margaret, and the public orator, Professor J. R. Sutherland, said it was "in the full knowledge that the Princess is a connoisseur of music and a performer of skill and distinction, her taste being catholic, ranging from Mozart to the calypso and from opera to the songs of Miss Beatrice Lillie and Tom Lehrer."[31][32][33] This prompted significant interest in Lehrer's works and helped to secure distribution for his five-year-old debut album in Britain. It was there that his music achieved real sales popularity, as a result of the proliferation of university newspapers referring to the material, and inadvertently to the BBC, which in 1958 banned 10 of the 12 songs on the album.[34] By the end of the 1950s, Lehrer had sold 370,000 records.[2]

That Was The Week That Was

In 1960, Lehrer essentially retired from touring in the U.S.[2] The same year, Lehrer toured Australia and New Zealand, performing a total of 33 concerts to great acclaim.[25] Yet this occurred during a time in which he was "banned, censored, mentioned in several houses of parliament and threatened with arrest", in his words. In particular, "Be Prepared" drew advance resistance in Brisbane from the commissioner of police. He performed several unreleased songs in Australia, including "The Masochism Tango".[22] In the early 1960s, he was employed as the resident songwriter for the U.S. edition of That Was The Week That Was (TW3), a satirical television show.[25]

An increased proportion of his output became overtly political, or at least topical, on subjects such as education ("New Math"), the Second Vatican Council ("The Vatican Rag", a tune based on the 1910 "Spaghetti Rag" by Lyons and Yosco),[35][36][37] race relations ("National Brotherhood Week"), air and water pollution ("Pollution"), American militarism ("Send the Marines"), and nuclear proliferation ("Who's Next?" and "MLF Lullaby"). He also wrote a song satirizing rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, who worked for Nazi Germany before working for the United States. ("'Once the rockets are up, who cares where they come down? That's not my department,' says Wernher von Braun.") Lehrer did not appear on the television show; vocalist Nancy Ames performed his songs (to Lehrer's chagrin),[26] and network censors often altered his lyrics. Lehrer later performed these songs on the album That Was The Year That Was (1965) at which point people could hear them the way that he intended.

In 1966, BBC TV host David Frost invited him to contribute some of his classic compositions to his BBC program The Frost Report. The show was transmitted live, and he pre-recorded all his segments at one performance. Lehrer was not featured in every edition, but his songs featured in an appropriate part of each show. At least two of his songs were not included on any of his LPs: a reworking of Noël Coward’s "That is the End of the News" (with some new lyrics) and a comic explanation of how Britain might adapt to the coming of decimal currency. The record deal with Reprise Records for That Was The Year That Was also gave Reprise distribution rights for his earlier recordings, as Lehrer wanted to wind up his own record imprint. The Reprise issue of Songs by Tom Lehrer was a stereo re-recording. This version was not issued on CD, but the songs were issued on the live Tom Lehrer Revisited CD. The live recording included bonus tracks "L-Y" and "Silent E", two of the ten songs that he wrote for the PBS children's educational series The Electric Company. Lehrer later commented that worldwide sales of the recordings under Reprise surpassed 1.8 million units in 1996. That same year, That Was The Year That Was went gold.[27] The album liner notes promote his songs with self-deprecating humor, such as quoting a New York Times review from 1959: Mr. Lehrer's muse is "not fettered by such inhibiting factors as taste."[38]

Lehrer made a short tour in Norway and Denmark in 1967 performing some of the songs from the television program. The performance in Oslo on September 10 was recorded on video tape and aired locally that autumn, and released on DVD some 40 years later. [39] He performed as a prominent international guest at the Studenterforeningen (student association) in Copenhagen, which was televised, and he commented onstage that he might be America's "revenge for Victor Borge".[40] He performed original songs in a Dodge automobile industrial film distributed primarily to automobile dealers and shown at promotional events in 1967, set in a fictional American wild west town and titled The Dodge Rebellion Theatre presents Ballads For '67.[25][41] He attempted to adapt Sweeney Todd as a Broadway musical, working with Joe Raposo, to star Jerry Colonna. They started a few songs but, as Lehrer noted, "Nothing ever came of it, and of course twenty years later Stephen Sondheim beat me to the punch."[42]

Departure from the music scene

In the 1970s, Lehrer concentrated on teaching mathematics and musical theater, although he also wrote ten songs for the educational children's television show The Electric Company. His last public performance for many years took place in 1972, on a fundraising tour for Democratic US presidential candidate George McGovern.[2]

There is a false rumor that Lehrer gave up political satire when the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Henry Kissinger in 1973. He did comment that awarding the prize to Kissinger made political satire obsolete,[43][44] but has denied that he stopped creating satire as a form of protest, pointing out that he had not toured for several years previously.[45] Another mistaken belief is that he was sued for libel by Wernher von Braun, the subject of one of his songs, and forced to relinquish his royalties to von Braun. Lehrer denied this in a 2003 interview.[22]

When asked about his reasons for abandoning his musical career in an interview in the book accompanying his CD box set, released in 2000, Lehrer cited a simple lack of interest, a disdain of touring, and the monotony of performing the same songs repeatedly. He observed that when he was moved to write and perform songs, he did, and when he was not, he did not, and that after a while he simply lost interest. Even though Lehrer was "a hero of the anti-nuclear, civil rights left" and covered its political issues in many of his songs, and even though he shared the New Left's opposition to the Vietnam War, and advocated for civil rights, he disliked the aesthetics of the counterculture of the 1960s and stopped performing as the movement gained momentum.[2]

Lehrer's musical career was relatively brief. He once mentioned that he performed a mere 109 shows and wrote 37 songs over 20 years.[46] Nevertheless, he developed a significant following in the United States and abroad.

Revivals and discographic reissues

In 1980, Cameron Mackintosh produced Tomfoolery, a revue of Lehrer's songs that was a hit on the London stage. Lehrer was not initially involved with the show, but he was pleased with it; he eventually gave the stage production his full support and updated several of his lyrics for the show. Tomfoolery contained 27 songs and led to more than 200 productions,[27] including an Off-Broadway production at the Village Gate which ran for 120 performances in 1981.[47] Lehrer made a rare TV appearance on BBC's Parkinson show in conjunction with the Tom Foolery premiere in 1980 at the Criterion Theatre in London, where he sang "I Got It from Agnes".[48][49] In 1993, he wrote "That's Mathematics" for the closing credits to a Mathematical Sciences Research Institute video[50] celebrating the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem.

On June 7 and 8, 1998, Lehrer performed in public for the first time in 25 years at the Lyceum Theatre, London as part of the show Hey, Mr. Producer! celebrating the career of Cameron Mackintosh, who had produced Tom Foolery. The June 8 show was his only performance before Queen Elizabeth II. Lehrer sang "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park" and an updated version of the nuclear proliferation song "Who's Next?"[51]

In 2000 Lehrer commented that he doubts his songs had any real effect on those not already critical of the establishment: "I don't think this kind of thing has an impact on the unconverted, frankly. It's not even preaching to the converted; it's titillating the converted ... I'm fond of quoting Peter Cook, who talked about the satirical Berlin kabaretts of the 1930s, which did so much to stop the rise of Hitler and prevent the Second World War."[45]

Lehrer has said, jokingly, of his musical career, "If, after hearing my songs, just one human being is inspired to say something nasty to a friend, or perhaps to strike a loved one, it will all have been worth the while."[4] In 2003, Lehrer commented that his particular brand of political satire is more difficult in the modern world: "The real issues I don't think most people touch. The Clinton jokes are all about Monica Lewinsky and all that stuff and not about the important things, like the fact that he wouldn't ban land mines ... I'm not tempted to write a song about George W. Bush. I couldn't figure out what sort of song I would write. That's the problem: I don't want to satirize George Bush and his puppeteers, I want to vaporize them."[22]

In 2000, the boxed CD set The Remains of Tom Lehrer was released by Rhino Entertainment. It included live and studio versions of his first two albums, That Was The Year That Was, the songs that he wrote for The Electric Company, and some previously unreleased material, a small hardbound lyrics book with an introduction by Dr. Demento. In 2010, Shout! Factory launched a reissue campaign making Lehrer's long out of print albums available digitally. The CD/DVD combo The Tom Lehrer Collection was also issued and included his best-known songs, plus a DVD featuring an Oslo concert.[52]

In a February 2008 phone call, Gene Weingarten of The Washington Post interviewed Lehrer off the record. When Weingarten asked if there was anything he could print for the record, Lehrer responded, "Just tell the people that I am voting for Obama."[53]

In 2012 rapper 2 Chainz sampled Lehrer`s song "Dope Peddler", on his 2012 debut album, Based on a T.R.U. Story. In 2013, Lehrer said he was "very proud" to have his song sampled "literally sixty years after I recorded it". Lehrer went on to describe his official response to the request to use his song: "As sole copyright owner of 'The Old Dope Peddler', I grant you motherfuckers permission to do this. Please give my regards to Mr. Chainz, or may I call him 2?"[30][54]

In 2020, at the age of 92, Lehrer donated all of his lyrics and music written by him to the public domain.[55][56]

Musical legacy

In 1967, Swedish actor Lars Ekborg, outside Sweden most known for his part in Ingmar Bergman's Summer with Monika, made an album called I Tom Lehrers vackra värld ("In the beautiful world of Tom Lehrer"), with 12 of Lehrer's songs interpreted in Swedish. Lehrer wrote in a letter to the producer Per–Anders Boquist that, "Not knowing any Swedish, I am obviously not equipped to judge, but it sounds to me as though Mr. Ekborg is perfect for the songs," along with further compliments to pianist Leif Asp for unexpected additional flourishes.[57]

In 1971, Argentinian singer Nacha Guevara sang Spanish versions of several Lehrer songs for the show/live album Este es el año que es.[58][59]

Sardonic composer Randy Newman said of Lehrer, "He's one of the great American songwriters without a doubt, right up there with everybody, the top guys. As a lyricist, as good as there's been in the last half of the 20th century."[30] Singer and comedian Dillie Keane has acknowledged Lehrer's influence on her work.[60]

Dr. Demento praised Lehrer as "the best musical satirist of the twentieth century." Other artists who cite Lehrer as an influence include "Weird Al" Yankovic, whose work generally addresses more popular and less technical or political subjects,[61] and educator and scientist H. Paul Shuch, who tours under the stage name Dr. SETI, and calls himself "a cross between Carl Sagan and Tom Lehrer: He sings like Sagan and lectures like Lehrer."[62]

From January 16 to February 25, 2006 the play Letters from Lehrer, written and performed by Canadian Richard Greenblatt, ran at CanStage in Toronto. It followed Lehrer's musical career, the meaning of several songs, the politics of the time, and Greenblatt's own experiences with Lehrer's music, while playing some of Lehrer's songs. There are no plans for more performances, although low-quality audio recordings have been on the Internet.

Performers influenced by Lehrer's style include American political satirist Mark Russell,[63] Canadian comedian and songwriter Randy Vancourt, and the British duo Kit and The Widow.

In 2004, British medical satirists Amateur Transplants acknowledge the debt they owe to Lehrer on the back of their first album, Fitness to Practice. Their song "The Menstrual Rag" uses the tune of Lehrer's "The Vatican Rag", and "The Drugs Song" mirrors Lehrer's song "The Elements", both using the tune of the "Major-General's Song" from The Pirates of Penzance by Gilbert and Sullivan. The Amateur Transplants' second album, Unfit to Practise, opens with an update of Lehrer's "The Masochism Tango" called "Masochism Tango 2008".

Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums

Many songs are performed (but not by Lehrer) in That Was The Week That Was (Radiola LP, 1981)

The sheet music of many songs is published in The Tom Lehrer Song Book (Crown Publishers Inc., 1954) Library of Congress Card Catalog Number 54-12068 and Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer: with not enough drawings by Ronald Searle (Pantheon, 1981, ISBN 0-394-74930-8; Methuen, 1999, ISBN 978-0-413-74230-8). A second song book, Tom Lehrer's Second Song Book, is out of print, ISBN 978-0517502167.

Lehrer wrote The SAC Song, which was sung in the 1963 film A Gathering of Eagles.[64]

See also

References
  1. Ford, Andrew (July 8, 2006). "Tom Lehrer". The Music Show. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Radio National. Interview transcript.
  2. Smith, Ben (April 9, 2014). "Looking For Tom Lehrer, Comedy's Mysterious Genius". BuzzFeed. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
  3. Warren Allen Smith (2002). "Tom Lehrer". Celebrities in Hell. ChelCpress. p. 72. ISBN 9781569802144. He responded: No one is more dangerous than someone who thinks he has The Truth. To be an atheist is almost as arrogant as to be a fundamentalist. But then again, I can get pretty arrogant.
  4. Liner notes, Songs & More Songs By Tom Lehrer, Rhino Records, 1997.
  5. "MTArchive: A Song about Pi". Mtarchive.blogspot.com. September 22, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  6. Lehrer performance excerpt, "Irving "Kaps" Kaplansky's 80th Birthday Celebration". 1997. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  7. Jeremy Mazner. "Tom Lehrer: The Political Musician That Wasn't". Casualhacker.net. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  8. Toobin, Jeffrey R (November 9, 1981). "Tom Lehrer". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
  9. "The Elements by Tom Lehrer". Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2013.
  10. "The Physical Revue, by Tom Lehrer". Ww3.haverford.edu. October 22, 2003. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  11. Toobin, Jeffrey R. (November 9, 1981). "Tom Lehrer". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  12. "Tom Lehrer Biography". Dmdb.org. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  13. Burton, Anthony (Easter 2011). "In Memoriam: The Revd. Dr. Robert Crouse" (PDF). The Prayer Book Society of Canada Newsletter. p. 1. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  14. Lynch, Peter (September 17, 2018). "Tom Lehrer: a comical, musical, mathematical genius". The Irish Times. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  15. Cromelin, Richard (May 26, 2000). "Tom Lehrer's Playful Satire Still Delivers a Musical Punch". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  16. Boulware, Jack (April 19, 2000). "That Was the Wit That Was". SF Weekly. Retrieved November 27, 2018.
  17. Monologue self-introduction on Tom Lehrer Revisited.
  18. Lehrer, Tom (May 23, 2000). "The Wild West is Where I Want to Be: spoken introduction". The Remains of Tom Lehrer. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  19. Longley, Eric. "Tom Lehrer". St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. CBS Interactive Resource Library. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
  20. Reynolds, Alan (April 1, 2013). "Whatever Happened to Tom Lehrer?". The American Spectator. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  21. "Tom Lehrer". localwiki. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  22. "Stop clapping, this is serious". smh.com.au. March 1, 2003. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  23. Nachman, Gerald (2004). Seriously Funny: The Rebel Comedians of the 1950s and 1960s. New York, NY: Pantheon Books (published 2003). pp. 659. ISBN 9780375410307. OCLC 50339527.
  24. Asimov, Isaac, In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1980, p. 15.
  25. Dr. Demento (2000). "Too Many Facts About Tom Lehrer". The Remains of Tom Lehrer (CD liner notes). Warner Bros Records.
  26. Bernstein, Jeremy (1984). "Out of My Mind: Tom Lehrer: Having Fun". The American Scholar. 53 (3): 295–302. ISSN 0003-0937. JSTOR 41211046.
  27. Jim Bessman. "Rhino Reissues Lehrer's Seminal 'Songs' Albums". Billboard. June 21, 1997.
  28. Maslon, Laurence, Make Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America, Hachette Book Group, 2008, pg. 81
  29. Faulkner, Clarence (May 1, 1999). "As It Was in Region 5, 1949–1964". The Probe. 200: 7 – via DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln, "City-wide pigeon control in Boston, MA using strychnine-treated whole corn".
  30. "Tom Lehrer at 85". BBC Radio 4. April 6, 2013. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved September 24, 2019 – via The Public Radio Exchange. Alt URL
  31. East Africa and Rhodesia. 1957. p. 493.
  32. "The Kansas City Times from Kansas City, Missouri · Page 4". The Kansas City Times. Kansas City, Missouri. Associated Press. December 5, 1957. p. 4.
  33. "British Pathé, quoted only "from Mozart to calypso"".
  34. "Unfit for Auntie's airwaves: The artists censored by the BBC". The Independent. December 14, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  35. "BAIOCCHI vs CLASSICAL FM" (PDF). bccsa.co.za. Broadcasting Complaints Commission of South Africa. November 27, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2016. The Registrar received a complaint concerning the broadcasting of a song called 'Vatican Rag' during a time slot identified for 'classical comedy' on 13 September 2013. The song was written and performed by satirist Tom Lehrer in the early 1960s. The music dates from 1910 and was then known as the 'Spaghetti Rag'.
  36. Video on YouTube
  37. "University of Colorado Digital Sheet Music Collection: Spaghetti Rag". Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  38. Wilson, J. S. (February 9, 1959). "TOM LEHRER IN PROGRAM; Offers His Brand of 'Sick' Humor at Town Hall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  39. https://premiereoperaintl.com/dvd16802tomlehrerlivefromoslo.aspx
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  44. Purdom, Todd S. (July 31, 2000). "When Kissinger won the Nobel peace prize, satire died". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  45. Thompson, Stephen (May 24, 2000). "Tom Lehrer Interview · The A.V. Club". Avclub.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  46. Andrews, Dale (April 9, 2013). "Tom Lehrer". SleuthSayers. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  47. Tomfoolery at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
  48. "The Tom Lehrer Collection (CD + DVD) : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video". Dvdtalk.com. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  49. Tom Lehrer: I Got It From Agnes on YouTube—from "Parkinson" 1980
  50. "Fermat's Last Theorem - The Theorem and Its Proof: An Exploration of Issues and Ideas". MSRI. Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco: Mathematical Sciences Research Institute. July 28, 1993.
  51. Poisoning Pigeons in the Park on YouTube (original version). Retrieved March 25, 2008.
  52. "Tom Lehrer: '60s Satirist Still Strikes A Chord". NPR. April 30, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  53. "Chatological Humor: A Tribute to Tom Lehrer". The Washington Post. February 12, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
  54. Prospero (October 17, 2017). "Who can fill the role of Tom Lehrer today?". The Economist. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  55. Sanderson, David (October 22, 2020). "Copyright-busting website is invitation to have a laugh with Tom Lehrer". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  56. Ho, Justin (October 21, 2020). "Satirist Tom Lehrer has put his songs into the public domain". Marketplace. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  57. Liner notes (translation): Holmgren, Pontus (2002). Lars Ekborg i Tom Lehrer's Vackra Värld. Sweden: Amigo. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015.
  58. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 19, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. Guevara, Nacha (1971). Este es el año que es. Argentina: Music Hall. Track list and lyrics (Spanish).
  60. "The British Theatre Guide: Interview with Dillie Keane". Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved December 24, 2013.
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