Trapezium (bone)

Trapezium
	Left hand anterior view (palmar view). Trapezium shown in red.
	The left trapezium bone ("navicular" refers to scaphoid, "lesser multangular" refers to trapezoid)
Details
Articulations	1st metacarpal distally ; scaphoid proximally ; trapezoid medially ; 2nd metacarpal medially
Identifiers
Latin	Os trapezium, os multangulum majus
MeSH	D051222
TA98	A02.4.08.008
TA2	1255
FMA	23721
	Anatomical terms of bone

The trapezium bone (greater multangular bone) is a carpal bone in the hand. It forms the radial border of the carpal tunnel.

Structure

The trapezium is distinguished by a deep groove on its anterior surface. It is situated at the radial side of the carpus, between the scaphoid and the first metacarpal bone (the metacarpal bone of the thumb). It is homologous with the first distal carpal of reptiles and amphibians.

Surfaces

The trapezium is an irregular-shaped carpal bone found within the hand. The trapezium is found within the distal row of carpal bones, and is directly adjacent to the metacarpal bone of the thumb. On its ulnar surface are found the trapezoid and scaphoid bones.[1]^:708

The superior surface is directed upward and medialward; medially it is smooth, and articulates with the scaphoid; laterally it is rough and continuous with the lateral surface.

The inferior surface is oval, concave from side to side, convex from before backward, so as to form a saddle-shaped surface for articulation with the base of the first metacarpal bone. This saddle-shaped articulation is partially responsible for the thumb's opposable motion.

The dorsal surface is smooth.

The palmar surface is narrow and rough. At its upper part is a deep groove, running from above obliquely downward and medialward; it transmits the tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis, and is bounded laterally by an oblique ridge. This surface gives origin to the Opponens pollicis and to the Abductor and Flexor pollicis brevis; it also affords attachment to the transverse carpal ligament.

The lateral surface is broad and rough, for the attachment of ligaments.

The medial surface presents two facets; the upper, large and concave, articulates with the trapezoid bone; the lower, small and oval, with the base of the second metacarpal.

Tubercle of trapezium

The tubercle of trapezium is a tubercle found on the anterior surface of the bone.[1]^:708 It is where sometimes abductor pollicis brevis muscle attaches.

Function

The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand. The trapezium is the most radial of the bones surrounding the carpal tunnel.[1]^:708 It is important in thumb movement.[2]

Clinical relevance

The trapezium is susceptible to arthritis at the joint with the metacarpal bone of the thumb, due to overuse.[2]

History

The etymology derives from the Greek trapezion which means "a little table", from trapeza meaning "table", itself from (te)tra- "four" and pod- "foot". The bone was first documented in 1840.[3]

Additional images

Position of trapezium (shown in red). Left hand. Animation.
Trapezium of the left hand.
Trapezium bone.
Right hand posterior view (dorsal view). Thumb on bottom.
Right hand anterior view (palmar view). Thumb on top.
Bones of the left hand. Palmar surface. Trapezium shown in yellow.
Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface. Trapezium shown in yellow.
Cross section of wrist (thumb on left). Trapezium shown in red (labelled as "Greater Multang").
Transverse section across the wrist and digits. Trapezium is shown in yellow (labelled as "Greater Multang").
Ligaments of wrist. Anterior view
Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina.

References

Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
Eathorne, SW (Mar 2005). "The wrist: clinical anatomy and physical examination--an update". Primary care. 32 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.009. PMID 15831311.
Harper, Douglas. "Trapezium". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 5 January 2014.

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[GRAYS2005-1] Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.

[EATHORNE2005-2] Eathorne, SW (Mar 2005). "The wrist: clinical anatomy and physical examination--an update". Primary care. 32 (1): 17–33. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.11.009. PMID 15831311.

[3] Harper, Douglas. "Trapezium". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 5 January 2014.